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Profile of Elements
Profile of Elements:
1410.05C
3279.85C
Comprises 25.7% of the Earths crust (in terms of weight), making it the second most common element in the crust. Discovered in 1824 by Jons Jakob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist. Shiny, dark gray with a tint of blue. Semi-metallic or considered a metalloid based on its characteristics.
iron-silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron accounts for about 80% of the world's production of elemental silicon Ferro-silicon is primarily used by the steel industry
calcium and iron alloy composite is an ideal Deoxidants, desulfurization agent. Is widely used in high quality steel, low carbon steel, stainless steel, and nickel base alloy steel, special alloys such as titanium-based alloy production
The Ferro-Silicon is an alloy which is abundantly used in the steel casting and steel manufacturing process. Depending on the processes, it can be used as the deoxidizing agent or as the reducing agent for the production of low carbon alloys. Ferrosilicon is by far the most common addition agent. It is available in several standard grades containing from 15 to 95% Si. Significant impurities in ferrosilicon include:
Carbon (up to 0.25%, but generally less than 0.10%) Aluminum (generally 1-1.5%, but lower, 0.10%, or higher, to 2%, in certain grades). Manganese will usually be present as well, but not over 0.40% unless specified. Phosphorus and sulfur contents are restricted to low residual levels: in general they will not exceed 0.025 and 0.040%
Alloy?
The Ferro Silico Calcium alloy is used in the manufacturing of steel of higher ranks. It also has the capability to replace the Aluminum in the de-oxidation process to produce the best merit of steel and special alloy. Calcium has a strong affinity to oxygen, making it an ideal adhesive oxygen agent or oxygen abosrber and desulfurization agent. Calcium transforms alumina inclusions into complex Calcium aluminate compounds, that improve the castability of the steel in a continuous casting process, avoiding deposits of solid inclusions inside tundish nozzles, preventing clogging.
Alloy?
Elemental silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys in order to improve performance in casting thin sections, and to prevent the formation of cementite where exposed to outside air. The presence of elemental silicon in molten iron acts as a sink for oxygen, so that the steel carbon content, which must be kept within narrow limits for each type of steel, can be more closely controlled. Standard foundry grades of ferrosilicon specify aluminum and calcium.
Aluminum-Silicon Cast
Ferro-Silicon and Steel with FerroSilicon Silicocalcium Alloy Rail Steel Rail Steel Application
Questions on Silicon?
1453.05C
2919.85C
On Earth, nickel occurs most often in combination with sulfur and iron in pentlandite, with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral nickeline, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel galena. Nickel is commonly found in iron meteorites as the alloys kamacite and taenite.
The bulk of the nickel mined comes from two types of ore deposits. The first are laterites where the principal ore minerals are nickeliferous limonite: (Fe, Ni)O(OH) and garnierite (a hydrous nickel silicate): (Ni, Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4. The second are magmatic sulfide deposits where the principal ore mineral is pentlandite: (Ni, Fe)9S8.
Corrosion Resistance Heat-Resistant Applications Low-Expansion Alloys Electrical Resistance Alloys Soft Magnetic Alloys Shape Memory Alloys
Heat-Resistant Applications Nickel is useful in applications wherein it is subjected to harsh environments with high temperatures Nickel-Chromium Alloys or alloys that have more than 15% worth of Cr are used to provide both oxidation and carburization resistance at temperatures beyond 760C.
Shape Memory Alloys Metallic materials that demonstrate the ability to return to their previously defined shape when subjected to the appropriate heating schedule. Nickel-titanium alloys (50Ni-50Ti) are one of the few commercially important shape memory alloys.
The commercial forms of nickel and nickel-base alloys are fully austenitic. They are considered mainly for their resistance to high temperature and aqueous corrosion. Alloys
Stainless Steels Copper-Nickel alloys and Nickel-Copper alloys Nickel-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium-Iron alloys Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys Controlled-expansion alloys Nickel-lron Low-Expansion Alloys Soft Magnetic Alloys Welding Alloys
The vast majority of stainless steels contain 810% of nickel. Useful as fire retardant materials since they are able to retain their strength at higher temperatures than structural steel An example is the 304 grade stainless steel, the most common one, that has a composition of 8% nickel, 18% chromium, and the balance or the rest being iron.
alloys
Copper-Nickel alloys
Cast Copper-Nickel Alloys (CopperNickels, Cupro-Nickels) Cast Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloys (Nickel Silvers)
Nickel-Copper alloys
Cast Copper-Nickel and cast Copper-NickelZinc alloys have moderate mechanical strength and high ductility combined with very good corrosion resistance (particularly in sea water). Iron, manganese and niobium are added to the cast Copper-Nickel alloys for increasing their hardness and strength.
Are nickel base alloys containing 29-33% of copper (Cu) as the major alloying element. Alloys containing 3% of aluminum (Al) and 0.6% of titanium (Ti) as additional alloying elements (Monel K-500), are heattreatable and may be strengthened by precipitation hardening. These alloys have high corrosion resistance in acids and alkalis, high mechanical strength combined with good ductility and low coefficient of thermal expansion. Machinability of the alloys is poor. They are used for manufacturing chemical processing equipment, valve stems, springs, pumps, shafts, fittings, heat exchangers, screw machine products, marine equipment. (Monel) Have been found to possess excellent corrosion resistance in reducing chemical environments and in sea water, where they deliver excellent service in nuclear submarines and various surface vessels.
alloys
These alloys led the way to higher strength and resistance to elevated temperatures. Today they also form the basis for both commercial and military power systems. Two of the earliest developed Ni-Cr and Ni-CrFe alloys were:
Alloy 625. The addition of 9% Mo plus 3% Nb offers both hightemperature and wet corrosion resistance; resists pitting and crevice corrosion Alloy G3/G30 (Ni-22Cr-19Fe-7Mo-2Cu). The increased molybdenum content in these alloys offers improved pitting and crevice corrosion resistance Alloy C-22 (Ni-22Cr-6Fe-14Mo-4W). Superior corrosion resistance in oxidizing acid chlorides, wet chlorine, and other severe corrosive environments Alloy C-276 (17% Mo plus 3.7W). Good seawater corrosion resistance and excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance Alloy 690 (27% Cr addition). Excellent oxidation and nitric acid resistance; specified for nuclear waste disposal by the vitreous encapsulation method
This series of alloys has also found extensive use in the high-temperature petrochemical environments, where sulfur-containing feedstocks (naphtha and heavy oils) are cracked into component distillate parts. Not only were they resistant to chloride-ion stresscorrosion cracking, but they also offered resistance to polythionic acid cracking.
The 800 alloy series offers excellent strength at elevated temperature (creep and stress rupture). Some alloys of commercial importance include:
Alloy 800 (Fe-32Ni-21Cr). The basic alloy in the Fe-Ni-Cr system; resistant to oxidation and carburization at elevated temperatures Alloy 800HT. Similar to 800H with further modification to combined titanium and aluminum levels (0.85 to 1.2%) to ensure optimum high-temperature properties Alloy 801. Increased titanium content (0.75 to 1.5%); exceptional resistance to polythionic acid cracking Alloy 802. High-carbon version (0.2 to 0.5%) for improved strength at high temperatures Alloy 825 (Fe-42Ni-21.5Cr-2Cu). Stabilized with titanium addition (0.6 to 1.2%). Also contains molybdenum (3%) for pitting resistance in aqueous corrosion applications. Copper content bestows resistance to sulfuric acid Alloy 925. Addition of titanium and aluminum to 825 composition for strengthening through age hardening
20Cb3 (Fe-35Ni-20Cr-3.5Cu-2.5Mo + Nb). This alloy was developed for the handling of sulfuric acid environments 20Mo-4 and 20Mo-6 (Fe-36Ni-23Cr-5Mo + Cu). Increased corrosion resistance in pulp and paper industry environments.
Alloy 902 (Fe-42Ni-5Cr with 2.2 to 2.75% Ti and 0.3 to 0.8% Al). This is an alloy with a controllable thermo-elastic coefficient Alloys 903, 907, 909 (42Fe-38Ni-13Co with varying aging elements such as niobium, titanium, and aluminum). These alloys offer high strength and low coefficient of thermal expansion.
The nickel-iron alloys also offer an interesting set of magnetic permeability properties. Have been important in the designing of:
Welding Alloys
Welding products for nickel alloys have similar compositions to the base metals, although additions of aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and other elements are made to the filler metals and welding electrodes to ensure proper de-oxidation of the molten weld pool and to overcome any hot-short cracking and malleability problems.
Turbines
Questions on Nickel?
3410.05C
5499.85C
The metal is obtained commercially by the reduction of tungsten oxide with hydrogen or carbon. Pure tungsten is a steel-grey to tin-white metal. The pure metal has the ability to be cut with a hacksaw, may be forged, spun, drawn, and extruded. However, the impure metal is brittle and can be worked with some difficulty.
Has the highest melting point of all metals Has the lowest vapor pressure of all metals Has a very high moduli of compression and elasticity At temperatures over 1650C, it has the highest tensile strength. Has excellent corrosion resistance and is attacked only slightly by most mineral acids. Boiling point of tungsten is almost 5500C (or ~5700C for other sources), which corresponds to the temperature of the suns surface. At a density of 19.3 g/cm3, is considered as one of the heaviest metals (5th highest, behind, Re, Pt, Ir, and Os, which has the highest density at a value of 22.6 g/cm3).
Silicon: 2.336 g/cm3, Nickel: 8.908 g/cm3
Tungsten Alloys
The most important applications of the pure metallic tungsten are the production of filaments for bulb lamps, electric contacts, arch-welding electrodes, heating elements in high temperature furnaces, valves for reaction propellers used in missiles and airships, etc. Tungsten mill products are tungsten metal products such as lighting filaments, electrical and electronic contacts, wire, rods, etc.
This alloy contains a dispersed second phase of 1 to 2% thorium. The thorium dispersion enhances thermionic electron emission, which in turn improves the starting characteristics of gas tungsten arc welding electrodes. Increases the efficiency of electron discharge tubes and imparts creep strength to wire at temperatures above one-half the absolute melting point of tungsten.
The alloying of molybdenum with tungsten leads to better corrosion resistance against molten zinc. Tungsten-molybdenum alloy has a high melting point and high density for both tungsten and molybdenum own the properties of high density and high melting point. Tungsten-molybdenum alloy can have a different proportion of tungsten and molybdenum, such as 30% tungsten and 50% tungsten. Tungsten molybdenum alloy has following advantages compared to pure molybdenum:
higher recrystallization temperature (approx. 100 C) better corrosion resistance against molten zinc higher strength
Tungsten / tungsten-rhenium thermocouples for measuring the temperature in such furnaces. X-ray tubes for medical use are not only equipped with a tungsten emitter coil, but also a static anode made of tungsten or tungsten-rhenium.
A group of tungsten-based materials that contain 90-98 wt% of tungsten. Current uses are:
Damping weights for computer disk drive heads Balancing weights for ailerons in commercial aircraft, helicopter rotors, and for guided missiles Kinetic energy penetrators for defeating heavy armor Fragmentation warheads Radiation shielding, radio isotope containers, and collimalion apertures for cancer therapy devices High performance lead-free shot for waterfowl hunting Gyroscope components Weight distribution adjustment in sailboats and race cars.
References:
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Tungsten http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nickel?topic=49557 http://www.eoearth.org/article/Silicon http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/tungsten-grades.htm http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/ http://www.keytometals.com/Article110.htm http://www.keytometals.com/Article80.htm http://www.keytometals.com/Article9.htm http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2194#_Magnetic_Alloys http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon#Alloys_2 http://www.ec21.com/offer_detail/Sell_silicocalcium--10038075.html http://hcrosscompany.com/refractory/tungsten.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel http://www.jayeshindustries.com/ferro-silico-calcium.htm http://www.jayeshindustries.com/ferro-silicon.htm http://www.tungsten.com/mtstung.html http://www.tungsten.com/tungcorr.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1201 http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e07430.html http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart-elements/density.htm http://www.tungsten-alloy.com/kinetic-energy-penetrator.htm http://www.strategic-metal.com/index.php/products/products_content/W/Tungsten%20Rhenium_%20Thermocouples http://molybdenum-alloy.com/Tungsten-Molybdenum-Alloy.html http://www.metallurgvanadium.com/siliconpage.html http://www.glbsm.com/product-information/Calcium-Silicon-Alloys.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2194 http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=nickel-copper_alloys http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=cast_copper-nickel_alloys_and_nickel_silvers http://www.nickelinstitute.org/~/link.aspx?_id=2E78D186B57F4E10B6085F27D38E6E2B&_z=z