COAL FIRED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

ELEMENTS OF A FOSSIL FUEL STEAM PLANT 1 Fossil fuel coal 2 Boiler 3 Furnace 4 Turbine 5 Condenser 6 Boiler feed pump 7 Induced draft fan 8 Cooling water circulating pump 9 Steam and water piping systems 10 Generator

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED

1 2 3 4

5 6 7
8

9 10

Pulverized coal mixed with air is blown into the boiler furnace through nozzles and burnt The chemical energy in the coal is converted to heat energy The heat converts water in the boiler tubes to superheated steam The steam enters a turbine High pressure steam is discharge against turbine blades The steam turns the turbine at synchronous speed As the turbine turns, the rotor field winding of the generator is turned at synchronous speed. The rotor field rotates inside the generator stator winding conductors The rotating field induces emf in the stator winding The electricity leaves the generator and goes to the transformer where it is stepped up to a higher voltage level for transmission

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

MATERIALS REQUIRED CONTINUOUSLY

1 2 3

Fuel Coal Air (oxygen) Cooling water for the condenser Make water to make up for steam losses

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION
1

Rotor Made of: (a) Cylindrical Rotor construction is a slotted integral fogging (b) Rotor winding held in the rotor slots (c) Slip rings (d) Carbon brush gear

Stator (a) Laminated stator core (b) Stator windings (c) Stator frame (d) Cooling system (e) End shields

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

GENERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
1 2 3 4

Saturation curve open circuit characteristic Short-circuit characteristic used to calculate the synchronous impedance V curves shows the correlation, at different loads, of excitation and power factor Power capability curves

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC

Saturation Curve

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

CAPABILITY CURVES 1 Upper portion - AB (a) Field winding heating limit (b) Overexcited (c) Lagging power factor operation - 0 pf pf r
2

Middle portion BC (a) Pf pf r pf 0.95leading (b) Stator current limit Lower portion CD (a) Leading power factor operation (b) Under excitation (c/Stator end iron heating limit

CAPABILITY CURVES
Q
A
1 . 0

0 . 5

0 0. 5 1. 0

Generator Capability Curve

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

GENERATOR PERFORMANCE
1

Performance is influenced by generator characteristics (a) reactances such as synchronous, transient, and subtransient reactances (b) Field winding inductance Performance is influenced by the Short-circuit ratio (SCR)

SCR

I fFLV I fI sr

A higher SCR is a measure of greater stability in general Factors to be considered include, speed of response of AVR and excitation system, the match between turbine and generator ratings, total turbine generator inertia, stiffness of the system

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

EXCITATION SYSTEM
1 2 3

4
5 6 7

Provide dc current to create the rotor magnetic field Controls generator voltage Controls reactive power flow Assist in maintaining system stability Provides important protective functions Must respond quickly to changes in load or power factor Must provide the appropriate field current at all times

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

EXCITATION POWER REQUIREMENTS
Supply and control of the generator field current is very important because
1

It determines generator terminal voltage and kVAr flow

It enhances the stability of the machine

It directly affects unit reliability and availability

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

COMPNENTS OF AN EXCITATION SYSTEM
1 2 3 4 5

Power supply - Reliable source for the field current Rectification change ac to dc Cooling system provides cooling to excitation components Control functions AVR provides voltage control Protective function additional protection circuits serve as regulators limiters and protective functions

COAL FIRED ELECTRIC PLANTS

CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION
1

On line, closed loop control Boiler controls feed water control Steam temperature control Turbine controls Start-up and shut-down control Monitoring, alarming and tripping indicating and annunciating devices Recording devices Man-machine interface