A load-bearing wall is a wall that bears a load resting upon it by conducting its weight to a foundation structure.

Capacity to withstand, To carry, Capability Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick

Depending on the type of building and the number of stories, load-bearing walls are gauged to the appropriate thickness to carry the weight above them

In housing, load-bearing walls are most common in the light construction method known as "platform framing", and each load-bearing wall sits on a wall sill plate which is mated to the lowest base plate. The sills are bolted to the masonry or concrete foundation.

cavity wall, , a double wall consisting of two (vertical layers) of masonry separated by an air space and joined together by metal ties.

a cavity wall system can be designed to provide both structure and the enclosing skin. Building this system consists of constructing a series of single story structures, one on top of the other. Combining load bearing cavity walls and precast concrete plank floors can make for efficient, economical and speedy construction.

FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURE BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE TUBE IN TUBE SRTRUCTURE

Water Tower Place is a large urban, mixed-use development comprising a 758,000 sq ft (70,400 m2) shopping mall and 74 story skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The complex is located at 835 North Michigan Avenue, along the Magnificent Mile. It is named after the nearby Chicago Water Tower. It is owned by General Growth Properties

Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting laterals loads primarily through the axial stiffness of the frame members. high ratio of stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multistorey building Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system an economical structural form for any height of buildings, up to the very tallest.

Advantages:Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing actionFloor framing design is independent of its level in the structure. Can be repetitive up the height of the building with obvious economy in design and fabrication.

ba classic solution for a tube uniquely suited to the qualities and character of structural steel. Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist lateral shears by axial Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each faade and making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column.

The whole structure is supported by the five steel columns at the corners of the building, with the triangular frameworks transferring the weight of the structure onto these five columns. It is covered with glass curtain walls. While its distinctive look makes it one of Hong Kong's most identifiable landmarks today

The John Hancock Center

One of the most famous buildings of the structural expressionist style, X-bracing exterior is actually a hint that the structure's skin is indeed part of its 'tubular system'. This is one of the architectural techniques which the architects used to achieve a record height (is the structure that keeps the building upright during wind and earthquake loads . This X-bracing allows for both higher performance from tall structures and the ability to open up the inside floor plan

Tube-in-Tube structures This is a type of framed tube consisting of an outerframed tube together The inner tube may consist of braced frames. The outer and inner tubes act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading in steel-framed buildings. the outer tube usually plays a dominant role because of its much greater structural depth.

The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the seventh-tallest freestanding structure in the world.

Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects Tall building developments have been rapidly increasing worldwide. Traditionally the function of tall buildings has been as commercial office buildings. Other usages, such as residential, mixed-use, and hotel tower developments have since rapidly increased

Future Prospects Development of new technology occurs based upon necessity, and the technology evolves towards enhanced efficiency. constructing tall buildings in the past and their evolutionary paths up to the present towards even taller and more efficient structures to maximize land uses more economically are within this track.