FIRST AID

THE GOOD SAMARITAN

Luke 10:30-37
I shall pass through this life but once. Any good, therefore, that I can do Or any kindness I can show Let me not deter it, Let me do it now, For I shall not pass this way again,

- R.W. Emerson

What is FIRST AID?

Is the immediate care given to a suddenly ill or injured person. It does not take the place of definitive medical treatment by limits itself to providing temporary assistance until competent medical care is obtained or until the chance for recovery without medical care is ensured.

LAY RESCUER
A first aider whose primary role is to identify and give first aid for a life or non-life threatening condition until medical helps arrives.

THE AIM OF FIRST AID

TO PRESERVE LIFE.

TO LIMIT THE EFFECTS OF THE CONDITION. TO PROMOTE RECOVERY.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER

To assess a situation quickly and safely and summon appropriate help. To identify, as far as possible, the injury or the nature of the illness affecting a casualty. To give early, appropriate and adequate treatment in a sensible order of priority.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER

To arrange for the removal of the casualty to the hospital, to care of a doctor or home. To remain with the casualty until handling him over to the care of an appropriate person.

To make and pass report, and give further help if required.

CERTAIN ASPECTS TO CONSIDER BEFORE A FIRST AIDER ACTS

BE REALISTIC. KNOW YOURSELF. KNOW THE FACTS. BE PREPARED. GATHER YOUR SUPPLIES.

DURING AN EMERGENCY
REMAIN CALM. USE COMMON SENSE. BE RESOURCEFUL. KEEP EVALUATING THE RISKS. DO NO FURTHER HARM.

AT THE SCENE OF AN EMERGENCY

MAKE SURE THE SCENE IS SAFE. DETERMINE HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE INVOLVED. TRY TO DETERMINE WHAT HAPPENED. ASK BYSTANDERS TO HELP.

ROLES OF FIRST AID

1. IT IS A BRIDGE THAT FILLS THE GAP BETWEEN THE VICTIM AND THE PHYSICIAN. 2. IT ENDS WHEN THE SERVICE OF THE PHYSICIAN BEGINS. 3. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO COMPETE WITH THE TREATMENT DONE BY THE PHYSICIAN.

BURNS
Injuries caused by exposure to excessive heat from thermal, chemical, electrical or radiation.

CAUSES OF BURNS
THERMAL CHEMICAL ELECTRICAL

RADIANT

CLASSIFICATION BY DEPTH
Superficial (First-Degree) Partial Thickness (Second-Degree)

Full Thickness (Third-Degree)

BURN SEVERITY
Minor Burns Moderate Burns Critical Burns

ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Source of the burn Body regions burned Other complicating factors

Pre Hospital Treatment for Burns

Use universal precautions, secure the scene and alert EMS. Stop the burning

Remove any smoldering clothing and jewelry. Perform initial assessment.

Pre Hospital Treatment for Burns

Administer oxygen per local protocol. Determine severity of burns using rule of nines. Cover the burns. Keep patient warm and treat for shock.

INHALATION INJURY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Respiratory distress Hoarseness, cough, or difficulty speaking Restricted chest movement Cyanosis

INHALATION INJURY
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Singed nasal hair Burns to the face Specks of soot in the sputum Sooty or smoky smell on the breath

Pre Hospital Treatment for Inhalation Injury

ADMINISTER OXYGEN PER LOCAL PROTOCOL MONITOR PATIENTS AIRWAY AND BREATHING BE PREPARED TO VENTILATE

AR

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

(CPR)

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

To provide CPR you must maintain an open airway, provide artificial ventilation and provide artificial circulation by means of chest compression.

STEPS PRECEEDING CPR

1) Establish unresponsiveness 2) Activate the EMS system 3) Check ABC Airway check for open airway Breathing use look, listen and feel method to assess respiration Circulation check pulse

A. CPR Chest Compression for Adults

1) POSITION THE PATIENT. 2) EXPOSE THE PATIENTS CHEST. 3) GET IN POSITION. 4) LOCATE THE COMPRESSION SITE. 5) POSITION YOUR HANDS. 6) POSITION YOUR SHOULDERS. 7) PERFORM CHEST COMPRESSIONS.

ADULT CPR SUMMARY 9 YEARS AND OLDER

Compression depth: 1 to 2 inches Compression rate: 100 per minute Each ventilation: normal breath Pulse location: carotid artery

ADULT CPR SUMMARY 9 YEARS AND OLDER

Rescue breaths : normal breaths given over 1 second until chest rises (about 10-12 min) One-rescuer cycle: 30 compression, 2 breaths Two-rescuer cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths

B. CPR CHEST COMPRESSIONS FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN

POSITION THE PATIENT. LOCATE THE COMPRESSION SITE. PERFORM CHEST COMPRESSIONS.

CHILD CPR SUMMARY 1-8 YEARS OF AGE

Compression depth: 1/3 to 1/2 total chest depth Compression rate: 100 per minute Each ventilation: normal breath Pulse location: carotid artery

CHILD CPR SUMMARY 1-8 YEARS OF AGE

Rescue breaths: 1 normal breath every 5 seconds (about 12-20 min) One-rescuer cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths Two-rescuer cycle: 15 compressions, 2 breaths

INFANT CPR SUMMARY 1 YEAR OLD AND UNDER

Rescue breaths: 1 puff every 3

seconds (about 12-20/min) One-rescuer cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths Two-rescuer cycle: 15 compressions, 2 breaths

ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR NEWBORN CPR

1. LOCATE COMPRESSION SITE. 2. PERFORM COMPRESSIONS. 3. REASSESS RESPIRATIONS, HEART RATE AND COLOR (ABOUT EVERY 30 SECONDS).

TABLE OF CPR SUMMARY

DESCRIPTION
Compression Depth Cycle

ADULT
1 - 2 total chest depth 30 compressions, 2 breaths 2-Rescuers: same 1 breath every 5 sec (10-12/min)

CHILD
1 -2 total chest depth 30compressions, 2 breaths 2-Rescuers: 15 compressions, 2 breaths 1 breath every 5 sec (10-12/min)

INFANT
1/3-1/2 total chest depth 30 compressions, 2 breaths 2-Rescuers: 15 compressions, 2 breaths 1 breath every 3 sec (12-20/min)

Rescue Breathing

FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

A foreign body airway obstruction

(FBAO) is a true emergency. It must be cleared from the airway before the patient can breathe and before you give artificial ventilation.

THE COMMON CAUSES OF FBAO ARE:

TONGUE (most common in unresponsive

patients)

FOOD (most common in responsive patients) EPIGLOTTIS FOREIGN BODY TISSUE DAMAGE ILLNESS

TWO TYPES OF FBAO

A. PARTIAL OR MILD
- an object in the throat that does not totally block breathing

B. COMPLETE
patient is unable to speak, breathe or cough. Movement of air will be absent. exhibits the universal sign of choking

UNIVERSAL SIGNAL

MANAGING OF FBAO
I. Responsive Adult/Child
1) Get in position 2) Position your hands 3) Perform the abdominal thrust 4) Repeat thrust

MANAGING OF FBAO
II. If Patient Becomes Unconscious
1) Assist the patient to supine position and activate EMS. 2) Attempt to ventilate the patient 3) Reposition the head and try to ventilate again. 4) Begin CPR 5) Look in the patients airway

MANAGING OF FBAO
III. UNRESPONSIVE ADULT/CHILD
- Same procedure with patient becoming unconscious.

IV. CONSCIOUS INFANTS

1. Verify complete airway obstruction. 2. Position the infant. 3. Deliver 5 back blows. 4. Position the infant face-up. 5. Deliver 5 chest thrusts. 6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 steps.

MANAGING OF FBAO
V. INFANT BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS 1. Activate EMS. 2. Position the infant. 3. Attempt to ventilate . 4. Reposition the infants head. 5. Deliver 5 back blows.

MANAGING OF FBAO
V. INFANT BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS 6. Deliver 5 chest thrusts. 7. Look in the infants mouth. 8. Repeat the procedures. 9. Check the infant for breathing and circulation/Begin infant CPR. 10. Place infant in the recover position.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (WOUNDS)

DEFINITION:

A. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

commonly referred to as wounds, are injuries to the skin, muscle, nerves and blood vessels.

B. Closed wounds
injury to the soft tissues beneath unbroken skin.

HOW TO RECOGNIZE CLOSED WOUNDS

SWELLING TENDERNESS DISCOLORATION POSSIBLE DEFORMITY

Pre-Hospital Treatment for Closed Wounds

USE PROPER PPE AND ENSURE SCENE SAFETY. 1) Apply PRICES method: position, rest, ice, compress elevate, splinting. 2) Monitor the patient for any rapid changes in vital signs that might indicate internal bleeding, which should be treated by a physician. 3) Treat for shock. 4) Transport the patient as soon as possible.

OPEN WOUND
- a soft tissue injury resulting in breaking of the skin.

Types of Open Wounds:

Scratches and abrasions Lacerations regular and irregular Penetration, puncture and gunshot wounds Avulsions Amputations Crushing injury (may be open or closed) Impaled object

PRE-HOSPITAL TREATMENT FOR OPEN WOUNDS 1. EXPOSE THE WOUND Remove all the clothing and expose soft tissue. Avoid removing clothing by pulling it over the patients head. Best method is to remove the clothing by cutting with trauma scissors. 2. CONTROL BLEEDING Begin with direct pressure or indirect pressure and elevation. If wound continues to bleed use a pressure point. Use a torniquet only as last resort.

PRE-HOSPITAL TREATMENT FOR OPEN WOUNDS 3. PREVENT CONTAMINATION

Remove debris and contamination around the

surface of the wound. Do not try to remove embedded particles.

4. DRESS AND BANDAGE

Use a sterile dressing and secure with a bandage

to cover the wound.

5. COVER THE PATIENT 6. TREAT FOR SHOCK 7. TRANSPORT THE PATIENT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE

DRESSING AND BANDAGES

Definition: DRESSING: any material used to cover a wound that helps control bleeding and aids in the prevention of additional contamination.

BANDAGE: any material used to hold a dressing in place.

DRESSING AND BANDAGES

OCCLUSIVE DRESSING: any water-resistant material ( plastic or waxed paper) applied to a wound to prevent the entrance of air and the loss of moisture from internal organs. BULKY DRESSING: multiple stacked dressings made to form a single dressing 2-3 cm thick, such as thick sanitary towel or any similar material.

APPLYING DRESSINGS AND BANDAGES

Control bleeding Apply the dressing using the aseptic technique. Cover the wounds completely. Ensure that the dressing and the bandage are firm, fixed and comfortable, but not so tight as to affect circulation. Ensure there are no loose ends that can get caught. Avoid covering the fingertips.

THANK YOU!