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RESEARCH
Research is a systematic inquiry using scientific methods in answering questions or in solving problems. In nursing, it attempts to develop, refine and expand body of knowledge about matters that are important to the nursing profession (practice, education, administration)
NURSING RESEARCH conducted by nurse through scientific inquiry on areas of cause, diagnosis and prevention of diseases, promotion of health across lifespan.
What is the ULTIMATE GOAL of research?
Improve the practice of its members so that the service provided to its clientele will be maximally effective.
RESEARCH
Research derived from a French word cerchier Research is a formal, systematic and rigorous process of scientific analysis particularly conducted for the purpose of discovery and development of a structured and organized body of knowledge.
RESEARCH
Nursing emerged as a profession when nurses started using systematic, orderly, and objective methods of seeking information derived from research. Research serves the need of nurses for direction in helping solve todays problem. Research problems my arise from the altruistic desire to improve nursing practice. DO you think Nursing Research is IMPORTANT?
Identification naming an unknown phenomenon Description describe a phenomenon Exploration what Explanation why Prediction projects a situation Control puts up a barrier
Purpose of Research
Description. Research describes a phenomenon that relates to the nursing profession as well as observe, define, and document nursing situations under inquiry. Exploration. Research explores the phenomenon being investigated Explanation. Research seeks clarification of prevailing situations Predicts. Projects a situation or events that could arise from research investigation. Control. Puts up a barrier to hinder or minimize the effects of an anticipated outcomes or reactions.
PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS Data Collection Problem Definition PLAN Goal Setting Identifying Solutions Implementation Evaluation and Revision Process
NURSING PROCESS Assessment Data Collection Data Interpretation Nursing Diagnosis PLAN Goal Setting Planned Intervention Implementation Evaluation and Modification
RESEARCH PROCESS Knowledge of the nursing world Clinical Experience Literature Review Problem and Purpose Identification Methodology Design Sample Methods and Measurement Data Collection and analysis Outcome and dissemination of finding
Identifying the problem Determining the purpose Review of Related Literature Theoretical framework Stating the study assumption Acknowledging the limitation of the study Formulating the null hypothesis Defining study variables Choice of research design Identifying the population Choosing the study samples Conducting the field test
Ethics in Research
Codes of Nursing Research
Nuremberg Code- first internationally accepted effort to set up formal ethical standards governing human research subject. Requires informed consent to all cases. Helsinki Declaration-differentiates 2 types of research, that which is essentially therapeutic and that which is essentially directed toward developing scientific knowledge and has no therapeutic value. Belmont Report-articulate 3 primary ethical principles, beneficence, respect for human dignity and justice
Belmont Report
I. Respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception; II. Beneficence: The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects; and III. Justice: ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants and equally.
Design
Selecting research design Determining sampling technique Identifying method of data collection Conducting pilot study
Implementation
Developing a time table Appropriating a budget and or seeking funds Recruiting and retaining subjects Data gathering and collation
Analysis Interpretation
oAnalyzing the data oInterpreting and evaluating the findings or results of statistical treatments
Dissemination
Communicating the findings Utilizing research findings
The Research
PROBLEM
The selection of a research problem or query is probably the most important and most difficult step in the research process. A research problem as a situation in need of a solution, improvement or alteration. In any research activity, the identification of a problem signals its beginning. When there is no problem, there is no basis for anyone to undertake research.
Sources of Problem Problems are endemic to all organization, including nursing. They arise from various areas of human concern such as the following; Fields of specialization Instructional program Reading program Organizational structure, policies and interpersonal relationship New technologies Conflicting ideas and ideals Journals, books, theses or dissertation and mass media Theories and principles affecting certain phenomenon Problem area in nursing Problem situation and issues Suggestion of experts and authorities
S.A.T.L.L.I.N
Interrogative Declarative
A good statement of the problem spells out clearly the key variables of the study in order that their meaning is clear to the researcher and the reader of the research report.
2. Introduction
Sample
The Aetas are numerous in Luzon, particularly in Zambales mountain range stretching from Bataan, Zambales. They are mountain people with dark skin kinky hair, snub nose black eyes and with small body frame. They usually stand from 1.35 to 1.05 meters tall in height. Their communities belong to the Negritos (ethnic group) there are small Aetas settlement in Iram they have their own dialect but they communicate to the low landers and outsiders in Tagalog vernacular. It used to be a taboo for them to marry a non-tribal member but this tradition was broken in 1977 when a daughter of an old chieftain married a lowlander. According to Macatuno (2006) he elaborated that this event set the trend for mixed marriage that is the one of their tradition but it has many religious and belief practices that performed by the Aetas. They believe in supreme being who rule over lesser spirits or deities. They worship Apo Namalayani, whom they regard as the creator believed to inhabit the mountain top of Pinatubo in Zambales. There is no specific mention of other Gods of the Aetas, but one source mentions that the four manifestation of the Great Creator growth of goods. They also believe that there are spirits mat live in the environment such as in the sky, river, sea, mountain, and others. They also believed that evil spirits are the usual cause of illness as punishment for wrong doing. The purpose of this study is to further support the knowledge of the reader and the researcher ancestral domain the changes of the Aetas life after the Pinatubo eruption and its effect on their way of living, and it triggers the social consciousness of the researchers more than any other indigenous communities in the province. This study also defined how the Aetas at Iram Resettlement affects their primary health by their health belief and their health practices. This study will also give the reader a clearer view about the culture and their activity.
To determine the correlation between Staff Nurses Extent of Knowledge and Their Clinical performance of the Nursing Process as a Basis for Improving the Curriculum and the Related Learning Experience Programs of Nursing Education and the Staff Development of the Nursing Service.
Abella 2009)
This study aimed to assess: What are the professional and behavioral conducts of clinical instructor of the selected private nursing colleges in Olongapo City during the academic year 2009-2010?
Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions; Profile of the respondents:
Gender; Age; Qualification/s; Length of Service in the Academic Years experience in the hospital as a staff nurse
1.
2.
How may the professional attributes of the clinical instructors be describe in terms of:
Professional Competencies Integrity and Objectivity Solidarity and teamwork Commitment in serving others Social and Civil Responsibility Observance of Equality Global Competencies
Sample
This study assessed the health beliefs and practices among Aetas of Iram resettlement in Olongapo City and its implication to their primary health care. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of; Age; Gender; Civil Status; Occupation? 2. How may the heath beliefs of Aetas be described in terms of; 1. Belief in Supernatural Beings; and its effect on individual health 3. How may the Health Practices of Aetas be described in terms of: 3.1 Restoring the HerbalMedicine; 3.2 Health Consultation or Maintenance; 3.3 Maternal and Child Care and 3.4 Nutrition? 4. Is there a significant difference on the health belief and health practice among Aetas when group according to; 4.1 Age; 4.2 Gender; 5.Is there a significant difference on the implication to their Primary Health Care when Group according to: 5.1 Age; 5.2 Gender; 6. Is there significant relationship between the Aetas health beliefs and health practices and its implication to their Primary Health Care?
Categories of Research
Basic or Pure Research
this is intended to increase knowledge in science. The end product of research is purely knowledge. To widen the knowledge base Formulation or refinement of theory For discovery of general principles
Applied Research
this is performed to acquire knowledge or obtain information that serves a practical purposes. Applied research is focused on finding solutions to existing problem. It is a collaborative process involving other members of the health care team that provides solutions to practical problems in the organization. Focuses on facts which can be changed by intervention to achieve a desired goal For solving problems
Research DESIGN
Experimental Research- this research approaches possible cause and effect relationship of certain variable through careful control or manipulation.
Non Experimental Research. The researcher does not interfere with nature, and the conditions for research are realistic or uncontrolled. This is mostly conducted in natural settings. They are research situation in which the researcher cannot control and manipulate the independent variable.
Experimental Research
True Experiment. An inquiry that consider four properties of experimental research namely;
Manipulation- the researcher subjects the respondents of the study to some kind of
situation for a specific purpose. Control- the researcher impose certain condition over the experimental situation; Control Group- this group is not subjected to any experimental treatment. Experimental Group- this group is subjected to the treatment used by the researcher whose performance is compared and analyzed according to the performance of the control group on a dependent variable. Randomization- the researcher assigns subjects to a control or experimental group on random basis Validity
Quasi Experimental. This is an experiment that lacks one of the four properties of true experiments
Surveys Correlation Studies Case Study Feasibility Study Content Analysis Decision Making Problem Solving
Historical Research- this research purports to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately. The process involves investigation, recording, analysis and interpretation of past events to understand the present better and anticipate the future.
Surveys gathers primarily quantitative data Correlation Studies examines the relationship Case Study in depth study of a single case Feasibility Study determine the variability of an undertaking Content Analysis synthesizing or dissecting Decision Making selects the most possible course Problem Solving solutions
Advantages of Non-Experimental Research Retrospective and less expensive Adequate time Cooperation is easy to obtain Funding is available
Disadvantages of Non-Experimental Research Not capable of estimating causal relationship Cannot be applied to a new product or procedure Is not useful in the development of theories, principles and concepts Oftentimes not considered as true research
Empirical Phase
Collecting data Preparing the data for analysis Analyzing the Data Interpreting the result Communicating the findings Utilizing the findings in practice
Design and Planning Phase The researcher make a number of methodological decision regarding the strategies to be used to collect and analyze the data to address the research question and evaluate decisions before implementation
Selecting the research design Developing the protocols for the intervention Identifying the population to be studied Designing the sampling plan Specifying methods to measure the research variables Developing methods for safeguarding human/animal rights Finalizing and reviewing the research plan
Analytic Phase
Dissemination Phase
Sampling Procedure
Guidepost on the Sampling Procedure
Universe totality of the element Population refers to the accessible group Subjects group of individual or object chosen to provide data Stratum mutually exclusive segment Sampling process of selecting a representative portion of the population Sampling unit specific area or place Sampling frame complete list of sampling unit Sloven Formula used to get the sample size Sample portion of the population where data will be solicited
Sampling Procedure
Types of Sampling
Probability Sampling Involves random selection in choosing elements. Researcher can specify the probability that each element of the population will be included in the sample. There is less bias, as every element in the population has equal chances to be selected, but this is time consuming expensive and inconvenient. S i m p l e R a n d o m S a m p l i n g -researcher established sampling frame (listing elements), then numbering all elements then selecting sample elements S t r a t i f i e d R a n d o m S a m p l i n g -researchers divides the population into homogenous subgroups, from which elements are selected at random. C l u s t e r S a m p l i n g -researcher selects random samples successively from larger to smaller units by either simple or stratified random methods S y s t e m a t i c S a m p l i n g -researcher selects kth case from a list (where k=population divided by desired sample size)where k is the sampling interval (standard distance between elements)
Sampling Procedure
Types of Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling Does not involved random selection (non random methods) The researcher cannot estimate the precise elements of the population that will be included in the sample. It is convenient and economical; however it is likely to produce biased samples. C o n v e n i e n c e ( a c c i d e n t a l ) S a m p l i n g -using most convenient available people as participants S n o w b a l l i n g ( n e t w o r k o r c h a i n ) S a m p l i n g -every sample identifies and refers other person who meet the inclusion criteria Q u o t a S a m p l i n g -researcher indentifies population strata and determines how many participants are needed from each stratum P u r p o s i v e ( j u d g m e n t a l ) S a m p l i n g -researchers decide purposely to select subjects who are judged to be typical of the population or particularly knowledgeable about the issues under study.
Research Variables
These are qualities, properties or characteristics of people things, events or situation under study. These variables are assessed and measured qualitatively or quantitatively.
Independent Variable
These are the factors manipulated by the researcher and the focus of inquiry. The presumed cause (antecedent or influence to the dependent variable). It is the factor, characteristics or conditions is introduced, removed or manipulated to cause a change in the dependent variable that is observed or measured. The IV is also called the treatment, stimulus, predictor, input or experimental variable.
Dependent Variable
This is the factor or variable that is affected or influenced by the IV. The presumed effects (output or outcome). It is a factor, characteristics or condition that is observed and measured to find out how the independent variable affects it. Outcomes, response, output, and criterion or attribute variable.
Sample.Sample.Sample
Self Concept, Personal and Professional Characteristics of Staff Nurses in Relation to Patients Satisfaction Work Values of Nurse Managers and Clinical Performance of Staff Nurses Thermoregulation of Infant utilizing Mineral Water Container and Droplight Improve Weight of Infants under Infant Massage Therapy Preoperative Teaching and the Extent of Pain Relief Needed by Patient
Assumptions
These are statements of assertions related to the problems usually drawn from the theoretical framework. These are accepted by the researchers as TRUE on the basic of logical reasoning or reason.
U n i v e r s a l A s s u m p t i o n come from the knowledge of the researcher and from observed facts. They are also beliefs as TRUE by most people and need no testing or verification. S t u d y A s s u m p t i o n s confirm the validity of the explanatory variables as well as basis for formulating the hypothesis of the study.
DEFINITION OF TERMS M o t i v a t i o n . something that causes a person to act M o t i v a t i o n . Ability of the nurse on duty to accomplish her task on time
Null Hypothesis- a negative statement which indicates that there is no association or relationship between and among variables. Formal basis for testing the statistical significance (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis- a positive research hypothesis that proposes association or significant relationship between variables (Ha) Directional Hypothesis- states whether the relationship between the variables is positive or negative, directs or inverse
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Testability
Types of Related Literature CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE. These are non research references materials written by authorities on the subject that embody experiences, viewpoints and interpretations of the subject of the research study. RESEARCH LITERATURE. These consist of studies and researches or theses and dissertations published or unpublished, which have bearing on the current research.
Data Collection
Methods of Data Collection
1. Use of existing or available data Raw data from basic documents such as records of patient admission, birth dates, discharges etc Tabular data indicating number of patient admitted or discharged in a year or month, or total number of deliveries, surgeries or workloads of nurses 2. Use of observers data gathered through actual observation and recording of events. Subjects must be informed for ethical consideration. Non participant observer does not share the same environment with the subject and is not a member of the group Participant observer shares the same environment and its better acquainted without their knowledge
Data Collection
Methods of Data Collection
3. Use of self recording or reporting approach uses a specifically prepared document intended to collect data called instrument. Questionnaires a paper and pencil approach where participants are asked to answer set of questions, it is the most frequent used research instrument to gather the needed data from the respondents pertinent to the purpose of the study. Interview guide one on one dialogue with the subject asks or reads a questions to elicit answers from the latter. (structure and unstructured) 4. Anecdotal method and documentary materials 5. Mechanical instruments
Research Instrument
Instrument are specially prepared tools or devices used to collect needed data or information and facilitates observation and measurement of research variables.
Must suit the purpose of the study Gather needed data Must be valid indicator should be clearly stated so that respondents perception will not be biased Reliable Should be easy to administer Scale of the measurement should be appropriate
Research Instrument
Types of Research Instrument Questionnaires paper and pencil approach Scanning Questionnaires Interview Guide Types of Questions Asked Open Ended Close Ended
Types of Close Ended Questions Dichotomous Multichotomous Fixed Alternative Projective Question Cafeteria Questions Rank Order Checklist matrix
Research Instrument
Ways to Start Research Questions State in affirmative rather than negative Questions should be neutrally worded Ambiguous questions must be avoided Avoid double negative questions Avoid double barrel questions Advantage of Questionnaires Facilitates gathering Easy to test data reliability and validity Less time consuming than interview Preserves the anonymity and confidentiality Disadvantage of Questionnaires Costly Less chance to clarify ambiguous answer Respondents must be literate Rate of retrieval can be low
Research Instrument
Advantage of Interview
Response are broad and varied Respondents can give complete answer Verbal and non verbal behavior can be observe There is flexibility in questions Disadvantage of Interview Time consuming and expensive Schedule for interview may be difficult Interviewer needs training Respondents answer may be influenced by the interviewers behavior
R.E.S.S.Se.R.V.M.O .
Measurement of Variables
1. Quantitative Measurement
a. 1. 2. Scale of Measurement refers to a device that assigns code numbers. (0-10 Nominal name and classifies persons or objects into 2 or more categories having common set of characteristics Ordinal classifies subject or objects by ranking them from the highest to lowest Likert Scale respondent are asked to indicate the degree to which they agree or disagree. Graphic Rating Scale respondents are asked to respond in a bipolar continuum (highest to lowest or most to least) Guttman Scale used to assess the attitudes of the respondents using a continuum of cumulative statements Semantic Differential use to measure the meaning of concept to determine the emotional evaluative response
2. Qualitative Description
Statistical Measurement
Kinds of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics intended to organize and summarize numerical data from population and sample. Inferential Statistics concerned with population and the use of sample data to predict future occurrence.
Mode the number that occurs most frequent Median divides the distribution at the 50th percentile Mean the arithmetic average (summation of all scores divided by number of cases) Correlation reflects the relationship between two variables (Pearson Correlation Spearman Rank Correlation) T test designed to examine the statically difference between two means Z test unrelated groups ANOVA same with t test but more versatile because it can compare two or more groups
APA Citations
Citing References: The custom of citing references : that is, providing a record of the sources you have used for your research is a form of professional honesty and courtesy that is based on a regard for the responsibilities that writers have to readers and to other writers to indicate when they have used someone else's ideas or words. General Guidelines: Items are presented in alphabetical order by the first author's last name, or, if no author is listed, by the first element of the citation (generally the title). During your research, develop a consistent system for noting bibliographic information (author, title, date, publisher, source, page numbers) and keep it with your notes or copies of the source material you used. Always consult your professor/department/publisher for specific requirements.
APA Citations
Bankes, P., Boss, J., Cochran, A., Duemer, L., McCrary, J., & Salazar, D. (2001). Censorship and restraint: Lessons learned from the Catalyst.College Student Journal, 35, 335-338. Retrieved August 14, 2003, from Ebsco Academic Search Elite database.
Chafee, Z., Jr. (1962). Freedom of speech and press. In W. S. Dowden & T. N. Marsh (Eds.), The heritage of freedom: Essays on the rights of free men (pp. 140-156). New York: Harper.
Thanks for a beautiful day: On a beautiful day, we may thank God and praise him for his many gifts. Father of Jesus, We praise you and give you glory For the wonderful things you do for us; For life and health, for friends and family, for this splendid day. For these reasons, we pray as Jesus taught us: Our Father...
Which one of the following criteria should be considered as a top priority in nursing care? A. Avoidance of destructive changes B. Preservation of life C. Assurance of safety D. Preservation of integrity
Which of the following measures will best prevent manipulation of vulnerable groups? A. Secure informed consent B. Payment of stipends for subjects C. Protect privacy of patient D. Ensure confidentiality of data
Which of the following procedures ensures that Ms. Montana has fully described to prospective subjects the nature of the study and the subjects rights? A. Debriefing B. Full disclosure C. Informed consent D. Covert data collection
After the review session has been completed, Karen and the staff signed the document. Which of the following is the purpose of this? A. Agree about the content of the evaluation. B. Signify disagreement of the content of the evaluation. C. Document that Karen and the staff reviewed the evaluation. D. Serve as basis for future evaluation.
This technique refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth A. Triangulation B. Experiment C. Meta-analysis D. Delphi technique
The statement, Ninety percent (90%) of the respondents are female staff nurses validates previous research findings (Santos, 2001; Reyes, 2005) that the nursing profession is largely a female dominated profession is an example of A. implication B. interpretation C. analysis D. conclusion
He plans to use a Likert Scale to determine A. degree of agreement and disagreement B. compliance to expected standards C. level of satisfaction D. degree of acceptance
Which of the following is NOT true about a hypothesis? Hypothesis is: A. testable B. proven C. stated in a form that it can be accepted or rejected D. states a relationship between variables
The study is said to be completed when Ms. Montana achieved which of the following activities? A. Published the results in a nursing journal. B. Presented the study in a research forum. C. The results of the study is used by the nurses in the hospital D. Submitted the research report to the CEO.
While reviewing journal articles, Stephanie got interested in reading the brief summary of the article placed at the beginning of the journal report. Which of the following refers to this? A. Introduction B. Preface C. Abstract D. Background
She notes down ideas that were derived from the description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it. Which type of reference source refers to this? A. Footnote B. Bibliography C. Primary source
This kind of research gathers data in detail about a individual or groups and presented in narrative form, which is A. Case study B. Historical C. Analytical D. Experimental
She notes that the dependent variable in the hypothesis Duration of sleep of cuddled infants is longer than those infants who are not cuddled by mothers is A. Cuddled infants B. Duration of sleep C. Infants D. Absence of cuddling
She states the hypothesis of the study. Which of the following is a null hypothesis? A. Infants who are breastfed have the same weight as those who are bottle fed. B. Bottle-fed infants have lower weight than breast-fed infants C. Cuddled infants sleep longer than those who are left by themselves to sleep. D. Children of absentee parents are more prone to experience depression than those who live with both parents.
During data collection, Harry encounters a patient who refuses to talk to him. Which of the following is a limitation of the study? A. Patients refusal to fully divulge information. B. Patients with history of fever and cough C. Patients admitted or who seeks consultation at the ER and doctors offices D. Contacts of patients with history of fever and cough
The use of another persons ideas or wordings without giving appropriate credit results from inaccurate or incomplete attribution of materials to its resources. Which of the following is referred to when another persons idea is inappropriately credited as ones own? a. Plagiarism b. Quotation c. Assumption d. Paraphrase
Which of the following usually refers to the independent variables in doing research? a. Result b. Cause c. Output d. Effect
The information that an investigator like Vinz collects from the subjects or participants in a research study is usually called: a. Hypothesis b. Data c. Variable d. Concept
Medel conducts sampling at Barangay Maligaya. He collected 100 random individuals and determine who is their favorite actor. 50% said Piolo, 20% said John Lloyd, while some answered Sam, Dingdong, Richard, and Derek. Medel conducted what type of research study? a. Phenomenological b. Case study c. Non experimental d. Survey
Diana, Arlene, and Sally are to conduct a study about relationship of the number of family members in the household and the electricity bill, which of the following is the best research design suited for this study? 1. Descriptive 2. Exploratory 3. Explanatory 4. Correlational 5. Comparative 6. Experimental a. 1 and 4 b. 2 and 5 c. 3 and 6 d. 1 and 5 e. 2 and 4
Jezza and Jenny researched about TB its transmission, causative agent and factors, treatment, signs and symptoms, as well as medication and all other in-depth information about tuberculosis. This study is best suited for which research design? a. Historical b. Case study c. Phenomenological
A supposition or system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon, best defines: a. A paradigm b. A concept c. A theory d. A conceptual framework
An 85 year old client in a nursing home tells a nurse, I signed the papers for that research study because the doctor was so insistent and I want him to continue taking care of me. Which client right is being violated? a. Right of self determination b. Right to privacy and confidentiality c. Right to full disclosure d. Right not to be harmed
In the hypothesis: The utilization of technology in teaching improves the retention and attention of the nursing students, which is the dependent variable? a. Utilization of technology b. Improvement in the retention and attention c. Nursing students d. Teaching
In any research study where individual persons are involved, it is important that an informed consent of the study is obtained. The following are essential information about the consent that you should disclose to the prospective subjects except: a. Consent to incomplete disclosure b. Description of benefits, risks, and discomforts c. Explanation of procedure d. Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality
The researcher implemented a medication regimen using a new type of combination drugs to manic patients while another group of manic patients receives the routine drugs. The researcher however handpicked the experimental group for they are the clients with multiple episodes if bipolar disorder. The researcher utilized which research design? a. Quasi experimental b. Pure experimental c. Phenomenological d. Longitudinal
Which of the following is not true about a pure experimental research? a. There is a control group b. There is an experimental group c. Selection of subjects in the control group is randomized d. There is a careful
A professional nurse can do research for varied reasons except: a. Professional advancement through research participation b. To validate results of new nursing modalities c. For financial gains d. To improve nursing care
Each nurse participant was asked to identify a problem. After the identification of the research problem, which of the following should be done? a. Methodology b. Review of related literature c. Acknowledgement d. Formulate hypothesis
Which of the following communicate the results of the research to the readers. They facilitate the description of the data. a. Hypothesis b. Statistics c. Research problem d. Tables and graphs
She knows that there are three elements of experimental research. Which is NOT included? A. Manipulation B. Randomization C. Control D. Trial
One of the related studies that she reads is a phenomenological research. Which of the following questions is answered by this type of qualitative research? A. What is the way of life of this cultural group? B. What is the effect of the intervention to the dependent variable? C. What the essence of the phenomenon is as experienced by these people? D. What is the core category that is central in explaining what is going on in that social scene?
Harry knows that he has to protect the rights of human research subjects. Which of the following actions of Harry ensures anonymity? A. Keep the identities of the subject secret B. Obtain informed consent C. Provide equal treatment to all the subjects of the study. D. Release findings only to the participants of the study