Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Electrochemical Methods
Chapter 6 Introduction to Electrochemistry Chapter 7 Potentiometry Chapter 8 Bulk Electrolysis: Electrogravimetry and Coulometry Chapter 9 Voltammetry
Course Introduction
Bilingual Course
Analytical Electrochemistry
2004. 10; 2005. 10.31; 2006. 10.23; 2007. 2.10 -4.27; 2008. 4.5-6.27.
Instrumental Analysis
2008.9 2009.9
Education: Ph.D. in Chemistry, 1958, Harvard University M.A. in Chemistry, 1956, Harvard University B.Sc. in Chemistry, 1955, City College of New York Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair in Chemistry, The University of Texas, 1985-present. Research Interests: Electro-organic Chemistry Photoelectrochemistry Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Electroanalytical Chemistry SECM Editor-in-Chief JACS. 20 years Ma Fen. PhD. Candidate, ( SNNU, Anal. Chem. My Lab).
Chapter 6
Aim: Master
Classification of Electrochemical Methods Advantages of Electroanalysis Electrochemical Cell Electrodes
Nernst Equitation
Trends in Analytical Chemistry
parameters.
Such use of electrical measurements for analytical p urposes has been found a vast range of applications, i ncluding environmental monitoring, industrial quality, a nd biomedical analysis. Electrochemistry Analytical Electrochemistry; Electrochemical Ananlysis; Electroanalysis
V I R
(1) Electrical parameter: R: Conductometry; V: Potentiometry; I: Bulk Electrolysis Electrogravimetry and Coulometry Voltammetry (2) Current Value Zero: Small: Large:
Advantages of Electroanalysis
Electroanalysis as a representative of wet-chemical method has many attractive advantages, such as selectivity and sensitivity, notwithstanding its inexpensive equipment; ample choice of possibilities; and direct accessibility, especially to electronic and hence automatic control even at distance; automatic data treatment; and simple insertion, if desirable, into a process-regulation loop. 3S+2A
Ce4+ + Fe2+
Ce3+ + Fe3+
Cerium Ce4+: an oxidizing agent/oxidant, electron acceptor. Iron Fe2+ : an reducing agent/reductant, electron donor.
Ared + Box
Aox+ Bred
(1)Ared reductant, reduced form, having given up electrons, becomes an oxidizing agent, Aox. (2) Box, the oxidized form of species B, accepts electrons from Ared to form the new reductant Bred.
Zn ZnSO4(0.0200M)
Half-cell
Ecell=Eright-Eleft Types of electrochemical cells: 1Galvanic (or voltaic) cells store electrical energy. Batteries. 2Electrolytic cell requires an external source of electrical energy for operation. Cathodes and Anodesgalvanic or electrolytic cell The cathode reduction The anode oxidation
Figure 6-1
Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), Italian physicist. He was the inventor of the first battery, the so-called voltaic pile (shown on the right). It consisted of alternating disks of copper and zinc separated by disks of cardboard soaked with salt solutions.
potential.
Figure 6-3
The potential of the standard hydrogen electrode is assigned a value of 0.000V at all temperatures.
Ag/AgCl electrode
Calomel electrode
When the silver ion activity() is 1.00, the cell potential E is the standard electrode potential of th e Ag+/Ag. E0Ag+/ Ag =0.799V
Electrode Potential of Silver Electrode: Ecell=Eright-Eleft=EAg-ESHE = EAg-0.000= EAg
Figure 6-4
Red
RT o E=E + ln nF R
E0: Standard Electrode Potential R: ideal gas constant, 8.314J K -1 mol-1 T: temperature, K F: the faraday=96,485C n: number of moles of electrons ln: natural logarithm=2.303log
Walther nernst(1864-1941)received the 1920 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his numerous contributions to the field of chemical thermodynamics. Nernst (far left) is see here with Albert Einstein, Max Planck, Robert A. Millikan, and Max von Laue in 1982.
Cytochromes are ironheme proteins in which a porphyrin ring is coordinated through nitrogen atoms to an iron atom. They undergo one-electron redox reactions, and their physiological function is to
facilitate electron transport. Cytochromes are intimately involved in the formation of water from H2. Reduced pyridine nucleotides deliver hydrogen to flavoproteins. The reduced flavoproteins are reoxidized by the Fe3+ of Cytochromes b or c. The chain is completed when cytochromes oxidase transfers electrons to oxyge n. The resulting oxide ion(O2-) is unstable and immediately picks up two H+ ions to produce H2O. How to measure the potential?
Robert Hillman
Home Work
Questions and Problems P 628-631 1. Why is it that half-reactions in electrochemical cells