CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

Research is classified on three bases. By purpose By method By approach

CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE

By purpose, the research has been further divided into these five categories.
Basic

Research Applied Research Evaluation Research Research & Development Action Research

CLASIFICATION BY METHOD
By method, the research has been further divided into these five categories. Historical Research Descriptive Research Co relational Research Causal Comparative Research Experimental Research

CLASSIFICATION BY APPROACH

By approach, the research has been further divided into these two categories.
Quantitative

Research Qualitative Research

BASIC RESEARCH
Research

to gain new knowledge about the fundamental processes of life, including how the body works normally. Basic research or fundamental research is research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles

BASIC RESEARCH
It

involves the process of collecting and analyzing data/information to develop or enhance theory. In its purist form: basic research is conducted solely for the purpose of theory development.

APPLIED RESEARCH
Research that uses the knowledge gained from basic research and which has a direct application to a health issue. Applied research includes research such as developing and trialing new medicines or medical devices, developing disease prevention programs or finding new ways to deliver health care more efficiently. It is conducted for the purpose of applying or testing theory and evaluation its usefulness in solving problems. Applied research provides data to support theory, guide theory revision, or suggest development of new theory.

EVALUATION RESEARCH
1)

This type of research is used for evaluating purpose. It seeks to examine the usefulness of a project/program. The purpose of evaluation research is to facilitate decision making regarding the relative worth of two of more alternative.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The

major purpose of research and development efforts is not to formulate or test theory but to develop effective products for use in various fields.

ACTION RESEARCH
Action

research is focused on immediate application, not on the development of theory or on general application. It places its emphasis on a problem here and now in a local setting. Its findings are to be evaluated in terms of local applicability, not universal validity.

ACTION RESEARCH

Stephen M. Corey

Action research is a process for studying problems by practitioners scientifically to take decision for improving their current practices.
Sara Blackwell Research concerned with school problems carries on by school personal to improve school practice is action research.

Objective
To improve the working conditions in school. To develop scientific attitude among teachers. To bring excellence in school teachers. To develop ability and understanding among administrator to improve and modify the conditions of the school. To root out the traditional and mechanical environment of the school.

CLASIFICATION BY METHOD

By method, the research has been further divided into these five categories.
Historical

Research Descriptive Research Co relational Research Causal Comparative Research Experimental Research

HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical research is the systematic collection and evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to describe causes, effects or trends of those events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.

L.R.Gay(1996:185)

Nature of Historical Research

The possible field of historical research is as broad as life itself.
Examples:
War, diplomacy, art, institutions, travel, science, industry and biography. More specifically, one may be interested in the history of politics, school legislation, the family, science, intelligence testing, and methods of learning or teaching.

PURPOSE AND VALUE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Preservation and interpretation of facts Valuable insight into chosen field of study Help in understanding current practices, theories and issues Solution of educational problems in the light of their origin and growth Analysis of educational ideals and standards of the past Educational reforms.

HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Limitations

Unplanned Past

past events

events cannot be repeated on the reported observations of others

Dependence

Incomplete

evidence

PURPOSE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

To

organize facts to understand the historical context To define body of facts to understand the nature of a problem To evaluate the historical event in terms of certain criteria To propose a solution to a problem

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Descriptive research design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior, the present status of people, attitudes, and progress of a subject without influencing it in any way. Many scientific disciplines, especially social science and psychology, use this method to obtain a general overview of the subject

CORRELATION RESEARCH
Correlation

research attempts to determine whether, and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables.

CAUSAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

Causal-comparative

research attempts to identify a cause-effect relationship between two or more groups. Also called ex post facto Derived from Latin meaning after the fact Example: Cigarette smoking has had a tremendous effect on society; the smokers live shorter life as compared to non smokers.

PURPOSE OF CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

It

attempts to: Determine reasons or causes for existing differences in the behaviour or status of group of individuals. Provide relationships that may lead to for experimental studies.

TWO WAYS USED IN CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

Retrospective

Studies Prospective Studies

RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES
These

studies relate what already has happened. Example: The persons who died of lung cancer were more likely to have been cigarette smokers than non smokers.

PROSPECTIVE STUDIES
These

studies follow individuals or groups of individuals for an indefinite period of time until they reach a conclusion. Example: The researcher would follow the smokers and non smokers for a long period of time (in some cases until their deaths) to see the effect of smoking on the early death of a smoker.

CONDUCTING A CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

The basic Causal-comparative research is quite simple and similar to experimental studies. 1) It requires two groups; loosely referred to as a control group and another experimental group, while in reality they are comparison groups. The researcher selects two groups differing on some independent variable. The groups may differ in that One group possesses a characteristic that the other does not have. (smoking) In degree; one group may possess more of a characteristic than the other group ( a group has learnt algebra through modern technology while the other has learnt in traditional way)

Experimental Research

J. W. Best Experimental research is the description and analysis of what will be, or what will occur under carefully controlled condition. According to Festinger Observing the effect on a dependent variable of the manipulation of an independent variable.
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Basic Assumption Behind Experimentation

The law of single variable by John Stuart Mill
If two situations are alike in every respect, and one element is added to or removed from one but not the other, any difference that develops is the result of the operation of that element added or removed.
It describes what will be when all the relevant conditions are carefully controlled.
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Characteristics of Experimental Research

An attempt to control all essential factors except a single variable. The control and experimental group are never identical for an exact experiment. The researcher manipulates the independent variable.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

After

the treatment has been administered, researchers observe or measure the groups receiving the treatments to see if they differ. Experimental research enables researchers to go beyond description and prediction, and attempt to determine what caused effects.

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CLASSIFICATION BY APPROACH

By approach, the research has been further divided into these two categories.
Quantitative

Research Qualitative Research

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative

Research uses objective measurement and statistical analysis of numeric data to understand and explain phenomena. It generally requires a well controlled setting.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative

Research is a method with a set of procedure for conducting research in descriptive form. The researcher attempts to study naturally occurring phenomena in all their complexity.