Carbohydrates-sugars

Made of C, H,O
Carb = Carbon hydr = water Carbohydrate = carbon + water general formula = CH2O 2-1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen like

water H2O ribose C5H10O5 glucose C6H12O6 sucrose C12H22O11 many carbohydrate names end in -ose

More carbohydrate basics

Monomer: monosaccharide one sugar
Functions of carbohydrates: Energy for metabolism (glucose) Short term energy storage (glycogen/starch) Structure: plants cell wall animals exoskeleton Source of carbon for other molecules Cell surface markers cell identification

Monosaccharide: Simple Sugars

Monossaccharides like glucose are the main source of

energy in living things

Modified Monosaccharides
Some monosaccharides have functional groups

attached to them give them special functions

Activated form involved in freeing energy from glucose

Becomes part of proteins which hold tissue together

The monomer of chitin - the functional group provides additional sites for H bonding between chitin molecules

Disaccharides-2 sugars
2 monosaccharides linked together by a condensation

reaction - form a glycosidic bond Examples:

Sucrose Table Sugar glucose + fructose Lactose Milk Sugar glucose + galactose Maltose glucose + glucose

Polysaccharides-Many Sugars
Polysaccharides are polymers composed of large

numbers of monosaccharides. - the monosaccharides are joined by condensation reactions. - form glycosidic bonds

Used for short term energy storage and structure

Energy Storage Polysaccharides

Starch
polymer made up
Chloroplast

Starch

of glucose monomers Stores glucose in plants

1 m

Starch: a plant polysaccharide

 Glycogen
Polymer of glucose monomers Is the major storage form of glucose in animals Stored in liver and muscle More highly branched than
Mitochondria Glycogen granules

starch contains more stored energy

0.5 m

Glycogen Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

Starch and Glycogen are Easily Broken Apart by Hydrolysis

Allows the stored glucose to be easily used

Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Is a polymer of glucose connected in a

straight unbranched chain

Multiple strands of cellulose are held together

by hydrogen bonds makes a rigid structure

Is a major component of the tough walls that

enclose plant cells

Cell walls

Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall

Microfibril

About 80 cellulose molecules associate to form a microfibril, the main architectural unit of the plant cell wall.

0.5 m

Plant cells
OH CH2OH OH CH2OH O O O O OH OH OH OH O O O O O O CH OH OH CH2OH 2 H CH2OH OH CH2OH OH O O O O OH OH OH OH O O O O O O CH OH OH CH2OH 2 H CH2OH OH OH CH2OH O O O O OH OH OH O O OH O O O O CH OH OH CH2OH 2 H

Cellulose molecules

Parallel cellulose molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms 3 and 6.

Figure 5.8

Glucose
monomer

A cellulose molecule is an unbranched glucose polymer.

 Cellulose and starch are both polymers of glucose,

but the bonds which hold them together are different

The difference in bonds creates differences in the

molecules

 Cellulose is difficult to digest Animals cant break the bonds between the glucose molecules dietary fiber Animals that eat plants have bacteria in their stomachs that can break the bonds of cellulose- allow their hosts to digest plants

Figure 5.9

 Chitin, another important structural

polysaccharide
Is a polymer of a form of glucose with an

attached functional group Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

CH2O H O OH H H OH H OH H H

NH
C
CH3

(a) The structure of the chitin monomer. Figure 5.10 AC

(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton (c) Chitin is used to make a of arthropods. This cicada strong and flexible surgical is molting, shedding its old thread that decomposes after exoskeleton and emerging the wound or incision heals. in adult form.

3 Molecules Made From Glucose Whats the Difference?

Differences in bonding

and shape give the molecules different functions

Other Uses for Carbohydrates

Cell surface markers carbohydrates attached to parts

on the cell membrane where they act to identify the cell

ABO blood groups

are identified by carbohydrates on their surface

Vocabulary to Know and Love

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Glucose Disaccharide - examples of disaccharides Polysaccharide Starch Glycogen cellulose Chitin Additional flashcards - 5 functions of carbohydrates - 3 elements found in carbohydrates - Iodine test- positive test and what molecule it indicates