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Types of Immunity
1. Natural/Innate/Nonspecific Immunity 2. Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous membranes) Physological barriers (temperature, pH) Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat invaders) Inflammatory barriers (redness, swelling, heat and pain)
Second line
A- cells
1- Natural killer 2- Phagocytes
4) Mechanical barrier
B- Soluble factors
C- Inflammatory barriers
-Keratin layer of intact skin -Acts as mechanical barrier -Lysozyme in tears and other secretions -Degrades peptidoglycan in bacteria cell wall -Respiratory cilia -Elevate mucus containing trapped organisms -Low pH in stomach and vagina; -Retards growth of microbes fatty acids in skin --Defensins (cationic peptides) -Create pores in microbial membrane -Normal flora of throat, colon -Occupy receptors which prevent and vagina colonization by pathogens
First line
1) Mechanical barriers Blinking reflex and tears Coughing and sneezing reflex Urination Defecation Vomiting
First line
2) Chemical & biochemical inhibitors
- Sweat and sebaceous secretion
- Hydrolytic enzymes in saliva
First line
3) Normal bacterial flora - Competition for essential nutrients - Production of inhibitory substances
Done with the First line Before we will proceed to the Second line of defense
What if..
Inhibit viral replication C3b is an opsonin, membrane attack complex creates holes in bacterial membranes Sequester iron required for bacterial growth Elevated temperature retards bacterial growth Limits spread of microbes
Second line
A) cells
1- Natural killer (NK)
Definition:
Second line
B- Phagocytes
What are the two most important phagocytes ?
Mechanism of Phagocytosis
Macrophage
Opsonins
Types of Opsonins
Question!!
How does a phagocyte recognize self from nonself???????
Phagocytosis
Killing (two microbicidal routes) a- Oxygen depended system (powerful microbicidal agents) Oxygen converted to superoxide, anion, hydrogen peroxide, activated oxygen and hydroxyl radicals. b- Oxygen-independent system (anaerobic conditions) Digestion and killing by lysozyme. Lactoferrin, low pH, cationic proteins and hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes
C) Inflammation
Reaction of tissues to injury, characterized clinically by: heat, swelling, redness, pain, and loss of function.
Inflammatory Response
Warm : Hyperaemia.
Pain : Nerve, Chemical
mediators.
Swelling : Exudation
Second line
D- Soluble factors 1- Acute phase protein (Plasma protein, CRP=C Reactive Protein, Fibrin.) 2- Complement (proteins in serum, body fluids) 3- Interferons (Proteins against viral infections) 4- Properdin (Complement activation)
Second line
B- Soluble factors 5- Beta lysine (Antibacterial protein from Platelets) 6- Lactoferrrin; Transferrin ( Iron binding protein) 7- Lactoperoxidase 8- Lysozyme (Saliva & Milk) (Hydrolyze cell wall)
Interferons
Proteins usually produced by virally infected cells * Types of interferons: 1- Alpha interferon
Secreted by Macrophages Induced by Viruses or Polynucleotide Secreted by Fibroblasts, Viruses
2- Beta interferon
Interferons
Protective action of interferons: 1) Activate T-cells 2) Activate macrophages 3) Activate NK
Step 3
Pathogens
Carried out by B-cells Antibodies are produced and dumped into blood stream. Antibodies bind to antigens and deactivate them.
B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Consist of immune activities different from antibody-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells (macrophages)
Cytotoxic T cells
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system: B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, etc.