Deficiencies and Seismic Retrofittinghouse RC is a house in saved Buildings A

constructed
Presented by Piyush Goyal 2008 UAR 121

Content
Introduction and aim of Retrofit
Need of Retrofitting Objectives of Retrofitting

Building Types
Deficiencies Retrofitting Strategies Case Studuy

Introduction
Based on historical occurrences, regions
in India are classified into low, moderate, severe and very severe earthquakeprone zones.

The extent of damage to a building

during an earthquake depends not only on the magnitude of the earthquake, but also on the soil, building configuration, and the quality of the design and construction.

Retrofit specifically aims to enhance the

structural capacities (strength, stiffness, ductility, stability and integrity) of a building to mitigate the effect of a future earthquake.

Need of Seismic Retrofitting

Revised codes for seismic analysis and design
damage due to earthquake or other catastrophe inadequate design and detailing

degradation of building and material with time and use

Poor construction quality There have been additions of floors or modifications or
change of use of the building, without proper analysis

Building identified as Lifeline structure

Variations of seismic coefficient as per IS 1893: 1984 and IS 1893: 2002

Objectives of Seismic Retrofitting

Increasing the lateral strength and stiffness of the building.
Increasing the ductility and enhancing the energy
dissipation capacity.

Giving unity to the structure. Eliminating sources of weakness or those that produce
concentration of stresses.

The retrofit scheme should be cost effective. Each retrofit strategy should consistently achieve the
performance objective.

Building Types
Non-engineered buildings : are not formally
designed, but built using traditional vernacular techniques.

Masonry buildings : refer to those with load bearing

walls made of fired clay bricks, stone blocks or concrete masonry units without reinforcement.

Building Types
Historical and Heritage Structures
Reinforced Concrete Buildings Steel Buildings : Structural steel in single storey
structures such as industrial, storage, railway shed and aircraft hangar buildings.

RC Building Deficiencies
Types of deficiencies that are observed in multi- storeyed RC buildings are:

Local deficiencies : failure of individual members of the

building such as flexural and shear failures of beams, columns and shear walls, crushing or diagonal cracking of masonry walls and failure of beam-column joints or subbeam or slab-column connections.

Global or overall deficiencies : are those, affecting the

whole structure and not a individual member. Such as, plan irregularities vertical irregularities.

Miscellaneous deficiencies

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Columns
Inadequate shear capacity. Lack of confinement of column core. Lack
of 135 hooks, with adequate hook length. Faculty location of splice just above the floor, with inadequate tension splice length. Inadequate capacity of corner columns under biaxial seismic loads. Existence of short and stiff columns.

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Concrete Jacketing: increases both
strength and ductility of the columns.

Steel jacketing refers to encasing

the column with steel plates and filling the gap with non-shrink grout.

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite: FRP composites are formed
by embedding continuous fiber in a resin matrix which binds the fibers together. The common fiber are carbon fibers, glass fiber and Aramid fibers, whilst epoxy resins, polyester resins and vinyl-ester resins are the common resins

Types of FRP

Carbon Fiber Aramid Fiber Glass Fiber

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Different use of FRP
Plates- at the face to improve the tension capacity. Laminates- below beams and slabs to improve load taking capacity. Bars- as reinforcements in beams and slabs replacing the steel bars Cables- can be used as tendons and post- tension members in suspension and bridge girders. Wraps- around concrete members i.e. columns, beams, slabs etc for confinement.

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Advantages

Corrosion proof. Easy in transportation, can be easily rolled. High fatigue resistance Light weight. Hence, very high strength to weight ratio. Joints can be easily avoided as they are available in desired length.

Disadvantages
Low ductility value and fickly plastic behavior. Susceptible to local unevenness. High cost.

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Beams and Beam-to-Column
Joints
Shear reinforcement not adequate
for flexural capacity. Inadequate anchorage of bottom rebar. Inadequate plastic hinge rotation capability due to lack of confinement.

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Addition of Concrete
Steel Plating : Gluing mild steel
plates to beams is often used to improve the beam flexural and shear performances.

Like steel plates, FRP laminates

are attached to beams to increase their flexural and shear capacities.

FRP bars can be attached to the

web of a beam for shear strengthening

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

BeamTo-Column Joint Strengthening
Concrete Jacketing : The joint can be
strengthened by placing ties through drilled holes in the beam

Concrete Fillet : suggested the use of a

concrete fillet at the joint to shift the potential hinge region away from the column face to the end of the fillet.

Steel Jacketing : Steel jacketing helps in

transferring moments and acquiring ductility through confinement of the concrete.

FRP Jacketing

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Structural Walls
Lack of adequate boundary elements. Inadequate reinforcement at the slab-to-wall or beam-to-wall
connections.

Lack of tie reinforcement.

Deficient Construction

Frequent volume batching. Additional water for workability. Inadequate compaction and curing of concrete. Top 100 to 200 mm of column cast separately, leading to deficient plastic hinge region. Inadequate side face cover, leading to rebar corrosion. Poor quality control.

Local deficiencies and retrofit strategies

Wall Strengthening
A concrete shear wall can be
strengthened by adding new concrete with adequate boundary elements. Steel braces or strips , FRP or steel sheets, external prestressing or reinforced grouted core can be employed for strengthening unreinforced masonry walls.

Foundation Strengthening
Foundation strengthening is
done by strengthening the footing as well as the soil

Global deficiencies
Plan Irregularities
Torsion irregularity due to plan symmetry
and eccentric mass from water tank. Diaphragm discontinuity due to large openings or staggered floors Frequent re-entrant corners Out-of-plane offset for columns along perimeter. Nonparallel lateral load resisting systems

Global deficiencies
Vertical Irregularities
Stiffness irregularity, soft storey due to
open ground storey. Mass irregularity Vertical geometric irregularity from setback towers. In-plane discontinuity for columns along the perimeter of the building.

Miscellaneous deficiencies
Buildings designed as only gravity
load resisting system.

Failure of stair slab, if the stair is

simply supported without adequate bearing length, a collapse of the slab close the escape route for the residents.

Pounding of buildings, another

poor design concept is not providing adequate spacing between adjacent buildings or seismic joints between segments of a building.

Neglecting the effect of infill walls.

Global Retrofit Strategies

Structural Stiffening

Addition of Infill Walls, the addition of masonry infill wall

is a viable option for the buildings, with open ground storey's, addressed in the project. Of course masonry infill walls increase strength and stiffness of the building, but do not enhance the ductility.

Addition of Shear walls, the significant parameter that

defines the lateral strength of the frame is the presence of dowels between a wall and the bounding frame

Addition of Steel Braces, designed to provide stiffness,

strength, ductility, energy dissipation, or any combination of these.

Global Retrofit Strategies

Reduction of Irregularities
Torsional irregularities: addition of frames or shear
walls. Eccentric masses can be relocated.

Seismic joints can be created to

transform an irregular building into multiple regular structures.

Walls or braces can improve the

deficiency of soft and weak storey.

Mass Reduction: Reduction of mass

results in reduction of the lateral force demand, and therefore, can be used in specific cases in lieu of structural strengthening.

Global Retrofit Strategies

Energy Dissipation Devices

Base Isolator
Sliding System Energy Dissipation Dampers

Fluid Damper Metallic Damper Visco Elastic Damper Tune Mass Damper

Case Study- Guest House for Infosys, Delhi

Building is a typical RC framed structure with infilled brunt
brick masonry walls.

The building comprises of basement, stilt, ground + 3 upper

floors.

members (Beams and Columns) were found to be deficient in accord with the new usage of the building.

Case Study- Guest House for Infosys, Delhi

The deficient columns
were decided to be retrofitted with Fiber Wrapping and Concrete Jacketing.

The beams were retrofitted

by using a combination of Carbon rods, Carbon Laminate and Carbon Fiber Wrap.

Case Study- Guest House for Infosys, Delhi

Fiber Wrapping of Columns Surface after Primer application. Column after fibre Wrapping.
Surface Grooving and for Carbon Fibre Rods to be fixed.

Source of Information
Indian Standards 1893 (Part 1) 2002 http://www.bdsindia.com/repairs_retrofitting.aspx Report of 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering in Canada Use of FRP Composite Materials in Seismic Retrofitting of Structures - Dr Gopal Rai & Yogesh Singh Report on 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan