RNA

And PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

What DNA is for

Making Proteins Why is this important?

Proteins Serve as
Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions (catalyst speeds up chem. Rx)

Proteins Serve as
Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions Structural or mechanical factors
actin and myosin in muscle

Proteins Serve as
Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions Structural or mechanical factors
actin and myosin in muscle Makes up cytoskeleton

Proteins Serve as
Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions Structural or mechanical factors
actin and myosin in muscle Makes up cytoskeleton Cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, cell cycle

Proteins Serve as
Enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions Structural or mechanical factors
actin and myosin in muscle Makes up cytoskeleton Cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, cell cycle Necessity in animals' diets,
Cant synthesize (make) some amino acids, must eat

So How are Proteins Made?

Remember, proteins are a chain of amino acids that are folded up into a particular shape.

So How are Proteins Made?

DNA has all codes (GENES) for any protein thats needed Humans: Abt. 25,000 genes in 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Compared to DNA:
Similar, built as a chain of nucleotides Unlike DNA:
Has Uracil (U), not Thymine (T) (so it has A, U, G, C) 5 Carbon Sugar is Ribose, not Deoxyribose Is single stranded Is shorter

Comparing the nucleic acids

DNA
Deoxyribose sugar Double-sided Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, & Thymine Millions of base pairs long

RNA
Ribose sugar Single-sided Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, & Uracil 100s / 1000s of bases long

In nucleus

In nuc. and cyt.

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

3 types of RNA:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Its the message carrier

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

It transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

It makes up actual ribosomes

TRANSCRIPTION
DNA never leaves nucleus:
1. DNA is opened / read by RNA Polymerase 2. Template side is copied (transcription) into mRNA 3. DNA closes back 4. mRNA leaves nucleus through pore
Animation

How mRNA is made

RNA Polymerase (an enzyme) opens DNA, assembles mRNA nucleotides floating around in nucleoplasm (5 to 3 direction)

How mRNA is made

As mRNA strand is assembled, it lengthens until a stop signal cuts it off. RNA Polymerase then detaches, DNA closes.

How mRNA is made

This process is Transcription (copying, rewriting) movie

RNA Polymerase producing (transcribing) mRNA

TRANSLATION
1. The mRNA moves to a ribosome; bases read in 3s (triplets,or codons) 2. tRNA floating in cytoplasm match up their anticodons to mRNA codons, delivering one amino acid at a time

3. Amino acids link together (chain) then fold to make protein. Animation

mRNA connects to Ribosome

Ribosome: assembly site for a.a. chains mRNA moves thru ribosome; bases read in triplets (codons) tRNA floating in cytoplasm match up their anticodons to mRNA codons, delivering one amino acid at a time
movie1 movie2 movie3 movie4

Codons and their Amino Acids

A Codon Chart is very simple to use. For this circle type chart, go from the largest to smallest letters when reading your codon. For example, A-G-C codes for Serine

Transfer

RNA
(model)

Transfer RNA (mapped)

Transfer RNA (mapped & modeled)

A Protein Forms
tRNAs deliver the proper a.as., forming chain. Each a.a. bonded together by peptide bond a.a. chains always
Begin with the A-U-G codon (methionine) End with one of three STOP codons

New polypeptide chain of a.a. : Protein

mRNA

Ribosome

A New Protein is Born

The Protein is Completed

The a.a. chain folds into its proper shape, then sent to where its needed movie How proteins may be used in different cells
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Review: