Mechanical Sciences-I

Chapter 7: Orthographic Projections

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Introduction to Orthographic Projections

Introducing Orthographic Projections as the language of engineering designers

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Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projections are an engineers language for conveying the shape and size information about the products he designs. An orthographic projection consists of the view obtained view when the object is viewed from very far away, so that the resulting rays are all parallel. The parallel rays that are used for constructing the views are called projectors.
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Orthographic Projections
The three principal views are take on picture planes which are held parallel to the three principal faces of the object, the front, the top and the side. The intersections of the projectors with the picture plane are the projections of the points from which the projectors emanate. The points are joined to obtain the views.
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We consider here the development of the orthographic views of a simple object.

Object

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For the Top view we view from the top! Viewing

Direction

Picture Plane
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Viewing Direction Projectors Perpendicular to picture plane

Point of intersection with picture plane

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Viewing Direction

Intersections of all extreme points Vijay

Top View
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Similarly, viewing from the front with parallel projectors

Front View

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Top & Front Views on opening up the page

Notice the interrelation

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Similarly, the Right Side View

Again notice the interrelation

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The third view can also be obtained by taking projections from the two views, using the mitre line, a line at 450
Mitre

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Two types of projections commonly used: I & III angle

In third angle, picture planes in between the viewer & object

In first angle, picture plane behind the object

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Opening up of the box with the various views in III angle

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The relationship on plane paper of the various views in III angle

Top View

Left View

Front View

Right View

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The relationship on plane paper of the various views in I angle

Right View

Front View

Left View

Top View
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Principles of Multi-View Drawings

1. The Front and the Top views are aligned vertically. 2. The Front and the Side views are aligned horizontally. 3. The front of the object in the top view faces the front view. 4. The front of the object in the side view faces the front view. 5. The depth of top view is the same as the depth of side view. 6. The width of top view is same as the width of front view.

7. The height of side view is same as height of front view. Vijay

Mitre

Front

Top View

Front View

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Top View

Front

Front View

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Drawing three views in III angle Mitre Top View

Front

Front View

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A Video

Engg_graphics.mpg

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A demonstration

Gboxw31.exe

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Front

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Front

X X X

X X X

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Notice that the oblique face of the cylinder appears as an ellipse in right-side view, but as lines in the front view.

Front

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Hidden Features

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Hidden Features

Shown by dashed lines

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Hidden Features

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Hidden Features

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Hidden Features

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Hidden Features

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Lines and Areas

Projections of lines and areas Meaning of lines and areas in orthographic projections

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Projection of Lines

B
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Projection of Lines
A line may be projected in its true length A line may be fore-shortened A line may have a point as its projection

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Meaning of Areas in Orthographic Views

1. A surface in true shape 2. A foreshortened surface

3. A smoothly curved surface

4. A combination of tangent surfaces
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Meaning of Areas in Orthographic Views

B B

B
Surface in True shape
Foreshortened Surface

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Meaning of Areas in Orthographic Views

C
C C
Curved Surface

D D

Tangent Surfaces

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Projections of Areas

Some areas are projected in true shapes, while others are distorted. Areas parallel to picture planes are in true shapes

Four types of Areas

1. A surface in true shape

2. A foreshortened surface 3. A smoothly curved surface 4. A combination of tangent surfaces Vijay

Reading Areas
A plane surface will always appear in a principal view as a line or an area An plane surface that appears as a line in one view is normal to that view. It may or may not appear its true shape in the other views. An plane surface that appears as a line in two of the principal views appears as a true shape in the third view.
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Reading Areas
A plane surface that appears as an area in

two of the principal views can not be in true shape in any view. Any view that shows a plane surface as area shows it in a like shape

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Reading Areas

Adjacent Areas lie in different Oblique surfaces planes. If two areas were in the appear as areas of like same plane, there will not be shape in all views any boundary between the two. Vijay

Reading Areas

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Reading Areas

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Reading Areas

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Meaning of Lines in Orthographic Views

Three possible interpretations: An edge view of a surface An intersection of two surfaces A surface limit - reversal of direction of a curved surface

(Surface Limit)

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Meaning of Lines in Orthographic Views

An edge view of a surface An intersection of two surfaces A surface limit - reversal of direction of a curved surface

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Meaning of Lines in Orthographic Views

Another Example

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We next illustrate how to read the orthographic drawings. This is done by interpreting the three view to draw the represented by those view.

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Reading Lines & Areas

3 6 7 2 1 3

Start with a cuboid

1
5

2
4

Right front corner is cut away to represent surface 12345 Top front of the upper step is removed to reconcile the slope of 23 in side view.

Front top is cut away to create a step 1267

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Interpretation of Hidden Lines

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Draw the pictorial views of the object whose three views are shown.

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Draw the pictorial views of the object whose three views are shown.

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Missing Line Exercises

In the examples that follow, one or more lines may be missing in (only) one view. Try constructing a pictorial view to determine what line(s) are missing.

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Missing Line Exercises may be missing in One or more lines

(only) one view. Try constructing a pictorial view to determine what line(s) are missing.

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Missing Line Exercises

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Sectional Views

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Sectional Views
Whenever a representation becomes confused due to too many essential hidden details that it is difficult to interpret, sectional views are employed

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Too many hidden lines

Too complicated to interpret

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Sectional Views
A portion of the part is cut away to reveal the interior. For this purpose a cutting plane is employed. The shape of the object is clarified by distinguishing between the areas where the cutting plane actually cuts the solid material and the areas where it meets voids. Wherever the cutting plane cuts the solid material, the area is hatched
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Sectional Views
A

The structure of this pulley becomes clearer if we imagine the pulley is cut at the meridian plane, the material to the left of the cutting plane is removed and a projection viewing from the left is drawn.
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Sectional Views

Cutting Plane

The details of the hub are now clearer.

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Sectional Views
A sectional view makes things much clearer.

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Sectional Views

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Sectional Views

This does not differentiate cut and uncut portions

Note that the cutting plane line is long dash two short dashes line

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Sectional Views

Hatch the solid portions which are exposed freshly by the cutting plane

These areas not hatched because the cutting plane does not cut any material here. These represent holes. Vijay

Sectional Views

5/4 ream

Clarify the view using sections.

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Sectional Practices
In the following slides we show some sectioning practices. The principle involved in these practices is to reduce the drawing effort as much as possible while maintaining clarity as much as possible.

Try reducing the number of views required. Draw as few hidden lines as possible. Use a variety of sections as required.
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Offset Sections

Note that the sectioning plane is offset to bring out both the hidden features in one view

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Full Sections

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Half Sections

In many symmetrical objects one can show the internal & the external feature in the same view by considering a plane which cuts only one half the object.

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