Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Topics
1.Network Concepts
2.SDH/ SONET*
3.High Speed Lightwave links
Network Concepts
1. Network Terminology
2. Network Categories
3. Network Layers 4. Optical Layer
Network Terminology Stations: Collections of devices that users employ to communicate are called
stations. These may be computers, terminals, telephones, or other equipment for communicating. Stations are also referred to as data terminal equipment (DTE) in the networking world.
Node: Within this network, a node is a point where one or more communication
lines terminate or where stations are connected.
Trunk: The term trunk normally refers to a transmission line that runs
between nodes or networks and that supports large traffic loads.
Network Terminology
Network Categories Local Area networks: (LANs) interconnect users in a localized area such
as a room, a department, a building, an office or factory complex, or a campus.
LANs usually are owned, used, and operated privately by a single organization.
encompasses
connections that extend from the CO to individual businesses, organizations, and homes. A particular access network is owned by a single teleco service provider.
Links > 50 Km
Links < 50 Km
Links < 1 Km
Networks Layers Physical Layer: Refers to a physical transmission medium, such as a wire or
an optical fiber, that can handle a certain amount of bandwidth. responsible for actual transmission of bits across a fiber or wire.
Data link layer: It establishes, maintain, and release links that directly
connect two nodes. Its functions include framing ,multiplexing, and demultiplexing of data. Dominant protocols are point-to-point protocol (PPP) and the highlevel data link control (HDLC) protocol.
Optical Layer
The physical layer provides a physical connection between two nodes, the optical layer provides lightpath services over that link.
A lightpath is an end-to-end optical connection that may go through one or more intermediate nodes. For example, in an eight-channel WDM link there are eight lightpaths, which may go over a single physical line.
wavelength multiplexing, adding and dropping of wavelengths, and support of optical cross-connects or wavelength switching.
Networks which have these optical layer functions are referred to as wavelength-routed networks.
The optical layer is a wavelength-based concept and lies just above the physical layer.
The optical layer carries out processes such as multiplexing, adding/dropping of wavelengths, and support of optical cross-connects or wavelength switching.
SDH / SONET
1. Introduction to SDH/ SONET Applications / advantages/ disadvantages
2. Physical Configuration 3. SONET/ SDH Layers 4. Transmission Formats and Speed 5. Optical Interfaces Specifications
2. Standardization.
SDH/SONET contains recommendations for the standardization of fiber optic transmission system equipment sold by different manufacturers.
Applications: 1. Carrier for ISDN and B-ISDN. 2. Carrier for ATM cells. 3. Can support bandwidth on demand.
4. Can be used as the backbone or totally replace other networking protocols such as SMDS or FDDI.
5. Can replace PDH system,E1, E3 lines.
Cost effective
Integration of multiplex, cross-connect and line terminal functions as part of a softwarecontrolled network element Adequate and standardized signal overhead capacity for remote operation, administration and maintenance (OAM)
Manageable
Standardized International
Standardized line signal as a uniform interface for all manufacturers (multi-vendor policy) Uniform multiplexing principle for both existing hierarchies (USA and Europe)
Disdvantages of SDH
Abundant Overheads bits
Pointer adjustment
Software based
Physical Configuration*
Add/drop multiplexer Regenerator Regenerator
MUX
MUX
Section
Section
Section
Section
Line Path
Line
Regenerator:
signal and regenerates. SDH regenerator replaces some of the existing overhead information with new information. These devices function at the data link layer.
Add/ drop multiplexer: It can add signals coming from different sources
into a given path or remove a desired signal from a path and redirect it without
demultiplexing the entire signal. Instead of relying on timing and bit position add/drop multiplexer use header information such as addresses and pointers to identify the individual steams.
Paths: It is the end to end portion of the network between two STM
multiplexers.
In a simple SDH of two multiplexers linked directly to each other, the section, line, and path are the same.
SONET/SDH Layers
SONET/SDH Layers Photonic Layer: Corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model. It
includes physical specifications for the optical fiber channel, the sensitivity of the receiver, multiplexing functions, and so on. It uses NRZ encoding.
Path Layer: It is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical
source to its optical destination. At the optical source, the signal is changed from an electronic form into an optical form, multiplexed with other signals, and encapsulated in a frame. Path layer overhead is added at this layer. STM multiplexer provide path layer functions.
Path
Path
Line
Section Photonic Section Photonic
Line
Section Photonic Section Photonic
Line
Section Photonic
Regenerator
Regenerator
MUX
MUX
Add/drop multiplexer
34
140
SDH
270 x N Columns
9 Rows
1 Byte
261 Bytes
POH
Payload
Actual Traffic
The optical fibers specified in ITU-T G.957 fall into the following three categories and operational windows:
1. Graded-index multimode in the 1310-nm window. 2. Conventional nondispersion-shifted single-mode in the 1310- and 1550-nm windows 3. Dispersion-shifted single-mode in the 1550-nm window
Table shows the wavelength and attenuation ranges specified in these fibers for transmission distances up to 80 km.
Source Output, Attenuation, and Receiver Ranges for Various Rates and Distances up to 80 km (ITU-T G.957)
or mesh architecture.
So Loop diversity is achieved in case of link or equipment failure. SONET/SDH rings are commonly called self-healing rings. Means automatic switching to standby link on failure or degradation of the link. Three main features of SONET/SDH rings: 1. There can be either two or four fibers running between the nodes on a ring. 2. Operating signal signals can travel either clockwise only (unidirectional ring) or in both directions around the ring (which is called bidirectional ring). 3. Protection switching can be performed either via line-switching or a path switching scheme. Line switching moves all signal channels of an entire STM-N channel to a protection fiber. Path switching can move individual payload channels within a STM-N channel to another path.
1. Two fibers, unidirectional, path-switched ring (twofiber UPSR) 2. Two fiber or four fiber, bidirectional, line switched ring( two fiber or four fiber BLSR)\
(They are also referred to as unidirectional or bidirectional self healing ring , USHRs or BSHRs)
Generic two fiber unidirectional path-switched ring (UPSR) with counter rotating protection path.
An important SONET/SDH network element is the add/drop multiplexer (ADM). This piece of equipment is a fully synchronous, byte-oriented multiplexer that is used to add and drop subchannels within an OC-N signal. The SONET/SDH architectures also can be implemented with multiple wavelengths. For example, Fig in next slide, will show a dense WDM deployment on an OC-192 trunk ring for n wavelengths
Generic configuration of a large SONET network consisting of linear chains and various types of interconnected rings.
Mapping
Is the procedure through which signals are packed inside an SDH frame
PDH signal passes through the following steps before emerging as an SDH Signal
Container (C-X) Virtual Container (VC-X) Tributary Unit (TU-X) Tributary Unit Group (TUG-X) Administrative Unit (AU-4) STM Signal
Payload
VC-12
Pointer TU SOH 9
270
(Tributary Unit)
STM-1/4/16
SOH
Synchronous Signal
AUG
AU4
VC4
3
1
C4 TUG3 TU3
140 Mbit/s
VC3 C3
34 Mbit/s (45 Mbit/s)
AU3
AU/G C STM TU/G VC Administrative unit/group Container Synchronous transport module Tributary unit/group Virtual container Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping Cross-connect level
Source: TR BM TP 5
VC3
7 1
TUG2
3
TU2 TU12
C2 C12 C11
TU11
SDH Overheads
An overhead is like a delivery notice with the parcel which contains information about the contents, Condition, type, address, postal date, weight etc. of the parcel. In the SDH a distinction is made between Section Overhead (SOH) and Path Overhead (POH)
SOH
STM-1
SOH
POH
VC-4
Mapping
AUG-64 4
AUG-16 4 AUG-4 4 AUG-1
1
STM-1
1 AU-4
3 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s
TUG-3 7
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34368 kbit/s
TUG-2
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2048 kbit/s
1.Links operating at 10 Gb/s 2.Links operating at 40 Gb/s 3.Links operating at 160 Gb/s
Such transceivers operating at 2.5 Gb/s for DWDM applications with 100 GHz wavelength spacing are in wide use.
Laser diodes can be modulated dirrectly up to 2.5 Gb/s (in some cases up to 10 Gb/s), but usually need an external modulator beyond that point. Therefore new challenges emerge for transceivers operating at higher rates, such as 10, 40, and 160 Gb/s
For OM2 and OM3 fibers spliced together: then bandwidths of the fibers will determine the resulting effective maximum link length.
Lmax =LOM2 (BW OM3/ BW OM2) + LOM3
(OM2 and OM3 having same geometric parameters)
Max link length calculated by this equation must be less than the achievable link length if only OM3 fiber is used. Q: An engineer wants to create a link consisting of 40 m of OM2 fiber that has a 500 MHz bandwidth and 100 m of OM3 fiber that has a 2000 MHz bandwidth. Calculate the maximum link length ?
Lmax=?
Where LOM2= 40 m BWOM3=2000 MHz LOM3= 100 m BWOM2= 500 MHz
A number of vendors offer a variety of transceiver packages for both LR and ER applications. Three of Several configurations include: 1. 300-pin 2. XFP 3.SFP
Compared to 10-Gb/s system, Link operating at 40 Gb/s and using conventional OOK modulation format, is:
1.
2. Four times more sensitive to polarization mode dispersion 3. Optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) which is at least 6 dB higer is required to reach an equivalent bit error rate (BER)
OTDM Links Operating at 160 Gb/s 160 Gb/s over a single wavelength using G.652 single mode fiber are tested. These test link used the concept of OPTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OTDM) to form 160 Gb/s data stream, since electronic devices that are needed for carrying out signal processing at these rates were not available.
One option is to use bit-interleaved OTDM. Time multiplexed media rate can be up to 160 Gb/s
Several field trials have demonstrated the feasibility of long haul 160 Gb/s transmission systems.
Interesting point to note about these 160 Gb/s experiments is that good performance was obtained using installed standard G.652 single mode fiber.
Basic concept of point to point transmission using bit interveaved optical TDM
Four 10 Gb/s
Data sources:
10 Gb/s Pulse stream A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
Modulator
A B C D
Demultiplexer
EDFA
EDFA
Modulator
Postamplifier
Preamplifier
Modulator
Relatively stable BER charactersitics were obtained after transmission over 200 Km of installed G.652 single mode fiver.
UNITED KINGDOM: