Lec tu r e

on Repr oduc ti on
Bio 1
SDJacinto
Institute of Biology
UP Diliman
 Mo des of
Re pro duction
 Asexual- process by which a single
parent reproduces by itself. Many
animals, especially invertebrates, can
also reproduce asexually. Asexual
reproduction produces offspring that
are genetically identical to the parent.
 Sexual reproduction -process by
which two cells from different
parents unite producing the first cell
of a new organism.
www.tiscali.co.uk/.../ hutchinson/m0007021.html www.sirinet.net/ ~jgjohnso/fungi.html
http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/images/ciliate.gif
 ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION: SURVIVAL AND
VARIATION
 Most animals reproduce sexually by
producing haploid gametes.
 Sexual reproduction helps create and
maintain genetic diversity in populations;
helps improve species' abilities to cope with
environmental change
 Asexual reproduction allows animals to
increase their numbers rapidly; provides
no genetic diversity, a major environmental
change could cause the extinction of the
species
 Photo courtesy David Parks
Paradoxophyla palmata, a narrow- http://www.geocities.com/br
headed frog native to Madagascar. The isbane_loopers/images/wpe
frog's brown and yellow coloring, as 109.jpg
well as its rough texture, allow it to
blend in with the mud and tree trunks in
its environment.

http://lpmpjogja.diknas.go.id/kc/a/animal/animal-camouflage.htm
De tails about se xual
reproduction
 Gametogenesis- production of
gametes (sperm and egg)
 Haploid gametes produced
 Genetic variation
 Structural changes in gametogenic
cells to fit into their roles
www.anselm.edu/.../ genbio/mitosisnot.html
Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
causes genetic variations in offsprings

Portions crossed over

Preparations of female gamete
(egg)
 Reductional division and crossing
over
 Growth in size (for some this is
considerable)
 Coverings such as jelly (example
in the frog egg) are made
www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../ BioBookANIMORGSYS.html
www.tarleton.edu/ ~anatomy/oogenesis.html
HUMAN OVUM
Pr epara tio ns o f th e
male g ame te
 Reductional division and crossing
over
 Development of head with hydrolytic
enzymes (acrosome)
 Development of propelling tail with
mitochondria
 Reduction in size (considerable )
 Many organelles are discarded
www.uh.edu/~tgill2/ WebCTPicturesw.htm
www.sunydutchess.edu/ ahbs/Scala/Bio102/
tecn.rutgers.edu/ bio342/spermatogenesis.htm
FERTILIZATION
FERTILIZED EGG

Male and female pronuclei

CLEAVAGE

2-CELL EMBRYO
mil.citrus.cc.ca.us/.../ Chapter40notesLewis.htm
mil.citrus.cc.ca.us/.../ Chapter17notesLewis.htm
Clo ni ng

-making an identical copy

-organismal cloning by somatic
cell nuclear transfer
Molecular cloning
 DOLLY
July 5, 1996- February 2003

www.stanford.edu/.../ cloning/timeline.html
 Cloni ng of D ol ly
invol ved…
Starvation (reprogramming!) and subsequent
 Starvation (reprogramming!) and subsequent
implantation of DNA from specialized, non-
sexual cells of one organism (in the case of
dolly, from the mammary gland cells
specialized to make that organism's hair or
milk) into an egg whose DNA nucleus has
been removed.

 The resulting egg and nucleus are shocked or

chemically treated; egg begins to behave as
though fertilization has occurred, resulting in
the beginning of embryonic development of a
new organism containing the entire genetic
code of the first organism.
Cloning issues
Dr. Glenn McGee U of
Pennsylvania
 a clone's DNA is exactly the same as
that of the original organism.
 Human cloning: the most
controversial debate of the decade.
 It's an answer to infertility, claim
supporters.
Clo nin g i ssues

 Failure, miscarriage, or deformed

offspring likely in early
experiments.
 Some defects may not be revealed
until a clone is mature.
 Can the law prevent the birth of a
clone when it's our right to have
children?
.. An d more clo ning
issu es
 Is a cloned embryo the same as a
conceived embryo?
 Does a clone have parents,
autonomy, or even a soul?
 Can cloned children choose their
own destiny?
 If humans "make" babies rather than
"have" babies, are they playing God?
http://images.pharmaventures.com/review/cartoons/600/500/2006_01_cloning.jpg
On Feb. 27, 2003, the U.S. House of
Representatives voted for the second time to
ban all human cloning.
Human Cloning Prohibition Act-prohibits people
from knowingly attempting to perform
human cloning or participating in such a
procedure by shipping or receiving an
embryo produced from human cloning,
whether the cloned embryo is to be used for
reproduction or research.
A bill allowing cloning for research but ban it for
reproduction failed (231-174 vote).
Th e Woo Su k Hw ang
fraud
 From National University of Seoul-faked
production of human cloned embryo
 Faked production of 11 patient tailored
cell lines from embryonic clones
'The Journal of Regenerative Medicine',
November 26, 2001 issue - published
that the researchers of Advanced Cell
Technologies, a legitimate research
institute in Massachusets has
successfully cloned a human embryo for
research
Is there discrimination among human
beings?

Is right to life based on the measure of

time of their development? (thus is an
embryo worth less than a fetus, and a
fetus less than a child, a child less than an
adult?)
 Baby

The Cloning of Hitler

Assist ed
Re pro ductive
Te chniques (A RT)
acfs2000.com/ html/learn/ivf.html
 HUMAN FERTILIZATION
In vivo In vitro
Hormonal stimulation

Egg
activation

Fertilization

Embryo transfer
www.oakbrookfertility.com/ files/ivf_et.html
www.gfmer.ch/.../ IVF_Fig2.html
 That’s all for this topic….
“Now Japanese scientists
have written men out of
the reproduction rule-
book, and created
fatherless mice.”

Helen Pearson, 2004. Mouse created without a father. Nature:

Science Update