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His approach is primarily focused on eliminating the causes of poor quality and on making product performance insensitive to variation.
DOE is a powerful statistical technique for determining the optimal factor settings of a process and thereby achieving improved process performance, reduced process variability and improved manufacturability of products and processes. Taguchi (1986) advocates the use of orthogonal array designs to assign the factors chosen for the experiment. The most commonly used orthogonal array designs are L8 (i.e. eight experimental trials), L16 and L18.
Issues on improper application of experimental design techniques The word statistics invokes fear in many industrial engineers. Many engineers in the UK leave universities without a complete understanding of the power of statistics and are therefore likely to avoid the use of statistical techniques in their subsequent careers. Few graduating engineers have been exposed to applied statistical quality techniques such as DOE, robust design, etc. This is another symptom of the statistical education of the engineering fraternity.
Engineers consistently avoid the use of applied statistical techniques in tackling process optimisation and quality control problems. Where techniques are in use, e.g. the use of control charts for process analysis and monitoring, there often appears to be a lack of a full understanding of the basic and fundamental principles behind their application (Morrison 1997). Many textbooks and courses on DOE primarily focus on the statistical analysis of the problem under study. However, this is but one component of DOE which involves planning, design, execution, analysis and interpretation of results.
A lack of communication between the academic and industrial worlds, and between functional specialists restricts the application of the Taguchi method and DOE (Antony et al., 1998a). It is important, though too rare, that quality, manufacturing, process, design and operational departments communicate and work effectively with one another
16 trials
Welding process
16 trials
Chemical process
8 trials
Biscuit
16 trials
Wire-bonding process
16 trials
Service performance I often more difficult to measures; The performance of a service process depends a great deal on the behavior and attitude of the service provider and it varies with time; and The identification and measurement of control factors an their influence on performance characteristic(s) is often difficult
However, there clearly are possible applications of Tm in the service sector. Example include:
Reducing the time taken to respond to customer complaints; Reducing errors on service orders; and Reducing the length of stay in an emergency room in hospital
The following noise factors were identified (as having some impact on the flight time but being difficult to control):
Operators; Draughts; Reaction time; and Ground surface
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2
2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
1
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
3.39, 3.01
2.62, 2.39 2.46, 2.12 2.08, 1.90 2.14, 2.29 2.05, 2.12 2.96, 2.70 2.47, 2.60 2.62, 2.91 2.32, 2.41
1 y2
(1)
Where n = number of values ate each trial condition (i.e., 2 from Table II) and y; = each observed value
Pi =
(i 0.5) n
x 100
(2)
Where: n = number of estimated effects (n = 15) and I is the rank of the estimated effect when arranged in the ascending order of magnitude (e.g. for factor C, I = 15)
AA BB CC DD EE FF
40 20 0
n nn n n n n n n n
0.0
0.3
0.7 Effect
1.1
1.5
6.8
Paper type Body length Wing length Body width Number of clips Wing shape
Factors
Mean SNR
of:
defining the problem; identifying the control variables and possible interactions; defining the required levels for each variable/factor; determining the response of interest; selecting the most suitable orthogonal array; performing the experiment; undertaking the analysis; and interpreting the results to obtain a better understanding of the situation under reviw
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2
2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
1
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
1
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
1
2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
END