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BIOTECHNOLOGY
The molecule is so beautiful. Its glory was reflected on Francis and me. - James Watson on DNA
Biometrics
uniquely recognizing humans
The DNA of every human being on the planet is 99.9% the same. It is the 0.1% that makes all the difference! Any type of organism can be identified by examination of DNA sequences which is unique to that species.
Technology Transition
DNA Fingerprinting Dr. Alec Jeffrey 1985 DNA Profiling FBI (RFLP) 1988 PCR STRs 1993 Mitochondrial DNA - 1996 SNPs Chips
It is the length differences associated with DNA strands or RFLPs that allow one to distinguish one person from another Often used in disease screening such as in the detection of sickle cell anemia
RFLP
These repeat units are lined up head to tail and compose satellite DNA and are interspersed throughout the genome
The number of units varies person to person
Thus these sequences are called VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats)
A VNTR is a locus that is hyper variable due to a large number of alleles each characterized by a different number of repeat units
Southern blotting can be used to visualize the variation Probes specific to the repeat unit are hybridized to DNA cut with a restriction enzyme that cuts just outside the VNTR This allows for the difference in VNTR length to be detected Two commonly used probes are known as: 33.6 (AGGGCTGGAGG)18 31.5 (AGAGGTGGGCAGGTGG)29 These are multi-locus minisatellite probes and show about 17 different DNA bands for each individual
This process requires primers that anneal just outside the VNTR
13 core loci of tetrameric repeats are tested together to make a DNA profile The sequence above is locus D7S280 which is located on chromosome 7
DNA fingerprints can be used as biological evidence Strands of DNA can be found on hair, blood or semen. DNA isolated from those evidence can be compared through VNTR patterns. Useful in solving crimes like murder and rape. Example: The scandal of President Clinton with Monica Lewinsky
Parentage tests
determine
if the alleged father of a child is the biological father The child (C) will share one band with the biological mother (M) and one band with alleged father #1 (AF1), the biological father. No bands are shared between the child and alleged father #2 (AF2), the excluded male.
References
DNA Fingerprinting Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) By: Heidi Chial, Ph.D. (Write Science Right) 2008 Nature Education Citation: Chial, H. (2008) DNA fingerprinting using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP): No genome sequence required. Nature Education 1(1) Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting, and CODIS By: Karen Norrgard, Ph.D. (Write Science Right) 2008 Nature Education Citation: Norrgard, K. (2008) Forensics, DNA fingerprinting, and CODIS. Nature Education 1(1) "CODIS National DNA Index System". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 2010-04-03. Codis Statistics, 06/2008, (http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/clickmap.htm) Kijk magazine, 01 January 2009 Use of DNA in Identification". Accessexcellence.org. Retrieved 2010-04-03. "Restrictions on use and destruction of fingerprints and samples". Wikicrimeline.co.uk. 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2010-04-03. Lewinsky scandal", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2008, As Retrieved 2010-02-09 John M. Butler, Forensic DNA Typing: Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers, Second Edition, Academic Press, 2005. DNA Fingerprint Analysis of Three Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Loci for Biochemistry and Forensic Science Laboratory CoursesS Received for publication, November 21, 2005, and in revised form, April 3, 2006 Kathleen McNamara-Schroeder, Cheryl Olonan, Simon Chu, Maria C. Montoya, Mahta Alviri, Shannon Ginty, and John J. Love From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-1030