Control and Instrumentation in Industrial Processes Lec 2

Input devices (sensors)

1. Position Sensors 2. Pressure sensors 3. Temperature Sensors 4. level sensors 5. Flow sensors

6. Velocity and acceleration

7. Humidity and Moisture Sensors 8. Light Sensors 9. Acoustic Sensors

10. Radiation Detectors

11. Chemical Sensors

Position Sensors
Position Sensors can detect the movement of an object in a straight line using Linear Sensors or by its angular movement using Rotational Sensors.

The potentiometer

Position Sensors
Rotary encoders
Rotary Encoders resemble potentiometers mentioned earlier but are non-contact optical devices Light from an LED or infra-red light source is passed through a rotating high-resolution encoded disk that contains the required code patterns, either binary, grey code or BCD

tachometer

Position Sensors
Rotary encoders

Pressure Sensors
Definition of Pressure

Pressure in a Fluid

Pressure Sensors
Hydraulic press
According to Pascal's law, the pressure at every point is equal:

Pressure Sensors
Pressure Exerted by Gases
The relationship between the pressure (P) exerted by the gas and the volume (V) of the vessel is expressed by Boyle's law:

P1 V1 = P2 V2

Pressure Sensors
Pressure Exerted by Gases
The relationship between temperature and pressure for a gas at constant volume is expressed by Charles' law

P = KT

Pressure Sensors
Manometers
The manometer is one of the first pressure-measuring instruments ever designed. Today, it is mainly used in the laboratory or to calibrate pressure instruments in the process industries.

P = Km (SG)h where P = pressure in psi h = the inches of displaced liquid SG = the specific gravity of the manometer liquid Km = 0.03606 psi/in U-Tube manometer used on a process tank

Pressure Sensors
Pressure Gauges
Pressure gauges are used for local indication and are the most common type of pressure-measurement instrument used in process industries.

Bourdon tube pressure gauge

Pressure Sensors
Diaphragms A diaphragm is another device that is commonly used to convert pressure into a physical movement. A diaphragm acts like a spring and will extend or contract until a force is developed that balances the pressure difference force.

Diaphragm-type pressure gauge

Pressure Sensors
Potentiometric-type Sensor
The potentiometric-type sensor is one of the oldest types of electric pressure transducers. It converts pressure into a variable resistance.

Potentiometric pressure sensor

Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors consist of two basic physical types: Contact Types Non-contact Types

The Thermostat The Thermostat is a contact type electro-mechanical temperature sensor consists of two different metals such as nickel, copper, tungsten or aluminum etc

Temperature Sensors
The Thermistor
The Thermistor is another type of temperature sensor, whose name is a combination of the words THERM-ally sensitive resISTOR. A thermistor is a type of resistor which changes its physical resistance with changes in temperature Thermistors are passive resistive devices

Temperature Sensors
The Thermocouple

The Thermocouple is by far the most commonly used type of all the temperature sensing devices due to its simplicity, ease of use and their speed of response to changes in temperature, due mainly to their small size

Temperature Sensors
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTD) Another type of electrical resistance temperature sensor In principle, any material could be used to measure temperature if its electrical resistance changes in a significant and repeatable manner when the surrounding temperature changes. In practice, however, only certain metals and semiconductors are used in process control for temperature measurement. This general type of instrument is called a resistance temperature detector or RTD.

Temperature Sensors
Comparison of TC, RTD, and thermistor

Temperature Sensors
Integrated-Circuit Temperature Sensors

DVM = Digital voltmeter

Temperature Sensors
Radiation Pyrometers

A radiation pyrometer is a noncontact temperature sensor that infers the temperature of an object by detecting its naturally emitted thermal radiation.

Report
1. Position Sensors 2. Pressure sensors 3. Temperature Sensors 4. level sensors 5. Flow sensors

6. Velocity and acceleration

7. Humidity and Moisture Sensors 8. Light Sensors 9. Acoustic Sensors

10. Radiation Detectors

11. Chemical Sensors

Report

Required
1. Definition of each sensor type 2. Physical theory 3. All instruments that are available to measure this phenomena 4. The price of each instrument 5. Advantages and disadvantages if exist 6. Specification details