Fundamentals

Parts of these slides base on the textbook

Digital Image Processing

by Gonzales/Woods Chapters 1 / 2

Fundamentals

These slides show

basic concepts about digital images

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In the beginning
well have a look at the human eye

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Some topics we have to deal with: Sharpness Brightness Processing of perceived visual information

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Sharpness The eye is able to deal with sharpness in different distances

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Brightness The eye is able to adapt to different ranges of brightness

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What is an image ?

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The retinal model is mathematically hard to handle (e.g. neighborhood ?)

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Easier: 2D array of cells, modelling the cones/rods

Each cell contains a numerical value (e.g. between 0-255)

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The position of each cell defines the position of the receptor The numerical value of the cell represents the illumination received by the receptor

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With this model, we can create GRAYVALUE images Value = 0: BLACK (no illumination / energy)

Value = 255: White (max. illumination / energy)

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A 2D grayvalue - image is a 2D -> 1D function, v = f(x,y)

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As we have a function, we can apply operators to this function, e.g. H(f(x,y)) = f(x,y) / 2

Operator

Image (= function !)

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H(f(x,y)) = f(x,y) / 2

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Remember: the value of the cells is the illumination (or brightness)

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As we have a function, we can apply operators to this function

but why should we ?

some motivation for (digital) image processing

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Transmission of images

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Image Enhancement

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Image Analysis / Recognition

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The mandatory steps:

Image Acquisition and Representation

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Typical sensor for images: CCD Array (Charge Couple Devices)

Use in digital cameras Typical resolution 1024 x 768 (webcam)

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CCD

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Representation Black/White and Color

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Color Representation: Red / Green / Blue

Model for Color-tube

Note: RGB is not the ONLY color-model, in fact its use is quiet restricted. More about that later.

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Color images can be represented by 3D Arrays (e.g. 320 x 240 x 3)

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But for the time being well handle 2D grayvalue images

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Digital vs. Analogue Images

Analogue: Function v = f(x,y): v,x,y are REAL

Digital: Function v = f(x,y): v,x,y are INTEGER

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Stepping down from REALity to INTEGER coordinates x,y: Sampling

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Stepping down from REALity to INTEGER grayvalues v : Quantization

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Sampling and Quantization