TCP/IP

The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the internet and other similar networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking protocols defined in this standard.

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TCP/IP Layers
Application Layer Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer services to use the network. Transport Layer Provides communication session management between host computers. Defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data. Internet Layer Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address information that is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. Performs routing of IP datagrams. Link Layer Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.
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Application Layer Protocols

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DHCP
DHCP: The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network configuration protocol for hosts on (IP) networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks must be configured before they can communicate with other hosts. The most essential information needed is an IP Address, and a default route and routing prefix. DHCP eliminates the manual task by a network administrator. It also provides a central database of devices that are connected to the network and eliminates duplicate resource assignments.
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Domain Name System (DNS)

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. A Domain Name Service translates queries for domain names (which are meaningful to humans) into IP addresses for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.43.10
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. It is often used to upload web pages and other documents from a private development machine to a public web-hosting server. FTP is built on a client/server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear text signin protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it
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IMAP
The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP) is an Application Layer Internet protocol that allows an e-mail client to access e-mail on a remote mail server. IMAP supports both online and offline modes of operation.

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Telnet
Telnet is a network protcol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protcol (TCP).
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Transport Layer Protocols

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TCP
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original components of the suite, complementing the Internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer. TCP is the protocol that major Internet applications such as the Word Wide Web, email, remote administration and file transfer rely on this protocol.
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UDP
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths.
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Internet Layer Protocols

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IP
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communication protocol used for relaying datagrams (also known as network packets) across an internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite. Responsible for routing packets across network boundaries, it is the primary protocol that establishes the Internet.
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ICMP
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is chiefly used by the operating systems of networked computers to send error messages indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP can also be used to relay query messages.
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IPsec
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a protocol suite for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. IPsec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to be used during the session.
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Link Layer Protocols

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NDP
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol in the Internet Protocol Suite used with Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). It operates in the Internet Layer of the Internet model (RFC 1122) and is responsible for address auto configuration of nodes, discovery of other nodes on the link, determining the Link Layer addresses of other nodes, duplicate address detection, finding available routers and Domain Name System (DNS) servers, address prefix discovery, and maintaining reachability information about the paths to other active neighbor nodes
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OSPF
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an interior gateway protocol that routes Internet Protocol (IP) packets solely within a single routing domain (autonomous system). It gathers link state information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network.
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PPP

In networking, the Point-toPoint Protocol (PPP) is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption. PPP is used over many types of physical networks including serial cable, phone line, trunk line, cellular telephone, specialized radio links, and fiber optic links such as SONET. PPP is also used over Internet access connections (now marketed as "broadband").
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Exercise
(A) Define the Following. 1) IMAP 2) Telnet 3) Internet Protocol 4) OSPF 5) IPSec 6) UDP 7) Telnet (B) Write Short answers for the following. 1) What is Network Discovery Protocol? 2) What is the function of PPP? 3) Name at least four protocols in Application Layer. 4) Name at least three protocols present in Transport Layer. 5) What is ICMP? (C) Write the detailed answers for the following. 1) What is TCP/IP? Define all the layers of TCP/IP. 2) What is DHCP? 3) What do you mean by DNS? 4) Explain FTP in details. 5) Explain Transmission Control Protocol.

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