presentation

AC Circuits
Chapter 11
AC power
analysis
Instructor : Liu Qing-ling
Honoured by Irfan jamil 1
 Effective or RMS Value
The effective value of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers
the same average power to a resistor as the periodic current
“The effective value is also called the Root Mean
Square value or rms value”
The average power
1 T 2 R T 2
P   i Rdt   i dt  I eff
2
R
T 0 T 0

1 T 2
I eff 
T 0
i dt  RMS value
Ieff = Irms
1 T 2
X eff 
T 0
x dt Veff = Vrms
(a) AC circuit
(b) DC circuit

The effective value of a periodic signal is its root mean square (rms)
value 2
Chapter 11..4
 RMS Value
FOR THE SINUSOID, the effective or rms value is

i (t )  I m cos t
1 T 2 1 T 2
    tdt
2
I rms i dt I m cos
T 0 T 0
Im2 T 1 Im

T 0  2 (1  cos 2t )dt 
2
P  12 I mVm cos( v  i )  I rmsVrms cos( v  i )
2
V
P  I rms
2
R  rms
R
When a sinusoidal voltage or current is specified, it is often
in terms of its maximum (or peak) value or its rms value, since its average value is zero.
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Chapter 11..4
Example 11.7

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 Practice 11.7
Find the rms value of the current waveform. If the current flows through a
9- resistor, calculate the average power absorbed by the resistor

 4t 0  t 1
i (t )   T 2
 8  4t 1  t  2
1 T 2 1
(4t ) 2 dt   (8  4t ) 2 dt 
1 2

T 0 
2
I rms  i dt 
2  0 1 
 1  t 3

2
 16
 8    4t  2t    
2

 3  3  1

3

I rms  16 / 3  2.309 A
P  I rms
2
R  (16 / 3)(9)  48 W
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Chapter 11.4
Example 11.8

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 Practice 11.8
Find the rms value of a full-wave rectified sin wave. Calculate the
average power dissipated through a 6- resistor

v(t )  8sin(t ) T 
1 T 2 1 
Vrms   v dt   (8sin t ) 2 dt
2

T 0  0
64  1

 0 2 (1  cos 2t ) dt  32

Vrms  32  5.657 V
P  Vrms
2
/ R  32 / 6  5.333 W

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Chapter 11.4
 Apparent Power and Power
Factor
For v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ); i (t )  I m cos(t  i )
V  Vm  v and I  I m i ; P  12 Re  VI*   12 Vm I m cos( v  i )
In terms of RMS values:
cos( v  i )  Vrms I rms cos( v  i )  S cos( v  i )
Vm I m
P 2 2

S  the apparent power; cos( v  i )  power factor (pf)

We have added a new term to the equation:

S= Vrms Irms

The average power is product of two terrms. The

product VrmsIrms is known as the apparent power
S. The factor cos(θv-θi) is called the power
factor (pf).

“The apparent power (in Ac) is the product 8

Chapter 11.5 of the rms values of voltage and current”
 Apparent Power and Power
Factor
The power factor is dimensionless, since it is the ratio of average power to the aparent power,

pf=p/s= cos(θv-θi)
The angle (θv-θi) is called the power factor angle, since it is the angle whose cosine is the power
factor.
The power factor angle is equal to the angle of load impedance if V is the voltage across the load
and I is the current through it. This is evident from the fact that
P
pf   cos( v  i )  v  i  power factor angle
S
V V  V
Z   m v  m  v  i
I I m  i I m For a purely resistive load:
v  i  0  pf  1
V I
Vrms   Vrms  v ; I rms   I rms i  v   i  90o  pf  0
2 2  v   i  0o  current lags voltage
V V  v   i  0o  current leads voltage
Z   rms  v  i
I I rms
The power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and current.
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It is also cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
Example 11.9

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 Practice problem 11.9
Obtain the power factor and apparent power of a load Z = 60 + j 40
when the applied voltage is v(t ) = 150 cos(377t + 10 ).

Z  60  j 40  72.11 33.7
The power factor is
pf  cos(33.7 )  0.832 (lagging, inductive load)
V 15010
I   2.08  23.7 

Z 72.11 33.7
The apparent power is
1
S  Vrms I rms  (150)(2.08)  156 VA
2

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Chapter 11.5
Example 11.10

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 Practice 11.10
Calculate the power factor of the entire
circuit seen by the source. What is the
average power supplied by the source?

( j 4)(8  j 6)
Z  10  j 4 //(8  j 6)  10   12.6920.62
j 4  (8  j 6)
The power factor is
pf  cos(20.62 )  0.936 (lagging, inductive load)
Vrms 400
I rms    3.152   20.62 

Z 12.6920.62
The average power supplied by the source equals the
average power absorbed by the load
P  I rms
2
R  (3.152) 2 (11.88)  118 W
or P  Vrms I rms  pf  (40)(3.152)(.936)  118 W 13
Chapter 11.5
 Complex Power
 V
 V   Vrms  v
 V  V m  v 
rms
2
 
 I  I m i  I  I  I 
 rms 2
rms i

1
Complex Power S  VI* or S  Vrms I*rms
2
S  Vrms I rms ( v  i )
V Vrms Vrms
Load Impedance Z    ( v  i )
I I rms I rms
2
Vrms Reactive power Q measures power
S I Z  2
 Vrms I*rms
rms
Z* exchange between source and reactive part
of the load
Since Z  R  jX  S  I rms2
( R  jX )  P  jQ
 P  Re(S)  I rms
2
R  Vrms I rms cos( v  i ) (real or average power)

 Q  Im(S)  I rms
2
X  Vrms I rms sin( v  i ) (reactive power)

 S  S  Vrms I rms  P 2  Q 2 (apparent power)

 P
pf   cos( v  i ) (power factor) 14
 S
Chapter 11.6
 Power Triangle

inductive

θv −θi > 0

θv −θi < 0

capacitive
Power triangle impedance triangle Power triangle

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Chapter 11.6
Example 11.11

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Example 11.12

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 Practice 11.12
A sinusodial source supplies 10 kVA reactive power to load Z = 250∠ − 75 Ω.

Z  250  75  pf  cos(75 )  0.2588 (leading)

  75
Q 10 kVA
Q  S sin   10 kVA  S    10.353 kVA
sin  sin(  75 )


2
Vrms
S  Vrms  S Z  (10353)(250)  1608.8
Z
Vm  2Vrms  2.275 kV

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Chapter 10.6
Thanks for you pay attention

IRFAN JAMIL

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