Mechanism of Energy Transport

By Amol Deshpande

10/09/2011

Transport Phenomena

Outline
Molecular Energy Transport (Conduction Fouriers Law) Dependence of heat conductivity on T & P Determination of thermal conductivity of gases at low density/of Liquids/of Solids Effective thermal conductivity of composite solids Convective Energy Transport (Convection) Work for Molecular Motions

10/09/2011

Transport Phenomena

Fouriers Law Heat Conduction

Example Heat flow through a slab of solid material placed between two parallel plates Expression
1-D form of Fouriers law of heat conduction

Fouriers Law 3-D for isotropic media

Generalized form Fouriers Law Vs Newtons Law Analogy
10/09/2011 Transport Phenomena

Heat Conduction Thermal Conductivity

Thermal Diffusivity
Similar to kinematic viscosity (Momentum transport)

Prandtl Number
Relative ease of momentum and energy transport in systems.

Dependence of thermal conductivity on T for various materials (Tables 9.1-2 to 9.1-5)

13/09/2011 Transport Phenomena

Thermal Conductivity Dependence on T & P

Corresponding-states chart (Monatomic substances)

13/09/2011

Transport Phenomena

Determination of Thermal Conductivity - Gases

Kinetic theory (rigid sphere model)

Thermal Conductivity is independent of P and proportional to sqrt(T) Gives good results for pressures upto 10 atms

Chapman-Enskog Equation
Monatomic gases at low density T K, k cal/cm.s, A0
13/09/2011 Transport Phenomena

Determination of Thermal Conductivity - Gases

Euckens semiempirical equation

Polyatomic gases at low density

Estimation of Pr No (Polyatomic gases)

Gas mixtures

13/09/2011

Transport Phenomena

Determination of Thermal Conductivity - Liquids

Bridgemans Equation
Good agreement with experimental data For monatomic as well as polyatomic liquids Gives better results if coefficient is 2.80 (not 3) Limited to densities well above the critical values

13/09/2011

Transport Phenomena

Determination of Thermal Conductivity - Solids

Have to be measured experimentally Factors affecting conductivity
Crystalline material phase, crystallite size Amorphous solid degree of molecular orientation Porous solid pore size, void fraction, etc.

Thermal conductivity of solids

Metals are better heat conductors than non-mentals Crystalline materials better than amorphous solids Dry porous solids are poor heat conductors

Effect of Temp
For pure metals, k decreases with T For non-metals , k increases with T Alloys shows intermediate behaviour.

Relation - thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity

Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz equation (for pure metals)
13/09/2011 Transport Phenomena