GLOBAL ISSUES ON HEALTH

PREPARED BY :
UMAIRAH BT AHMAD MUSTAFA KHALILI ( 1210094 ) FARHANA BT KHALID ( 1217040 ) NURUL AIN BT SAMUDIN ( 1210780 ) PREPARED FOR : SIR ABDUL SALIM

Meaning Of Global Health

Global refers to any health issue that is affected by transnational determinants, such as climate change or urbanisation, or it concerns many countries , such as polio eradication. Global health is the health of populations in a global context and transcends the perspectives and concerns of individual nation. Health problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact, are often emphasized. It has been defined as 'the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

The spread of health risks and diseases across the world, often linked with trade or attempted conquest, is not new to public health or international health.

Despite incredible improvements in health since 1950, there are still a number of challenges, which should have been easy to solve. 36 million deaths each year are caused by non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung diseases. This is almost two-thirds of the estimated 56 million deaths each year worldwide. These are the common global health happen all over the world throughout the time: 1) Cardiovascular disease 2) Diabetes 3) Tuberculosis 4) Malaria 5) HIV 6) Cancer

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one group of conditions causing death globally. An estimated 17.5 million people died from CVDs in 2005, representing 30% of all global deaths. Over 80% of CVD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the population of the United States is over 300 million. Of these 300 million U.S. citizens, about 27% of them die from cardiovascular disease each year making it the leading cause of death in the United States. Many causes of cardiovascular disease exist and this guide will highlight common risk factors or causes of this disease. Smoking/Tobacco Use Diet, Physical Inactivity, and Obesity

Diabetes

Four-fifths of all patients with diabetes live in developing countries. The country with the highest prevalence is the Micronesian island of Nauru, where 31% of its 14 000 inhabitants have diabetes (the USA has a prevalence of 9%). Six of the ten countries with the highest rates of diabetes are in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region (United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Egypt). Across Africa, the Middle East, and South and Central America, the prevalence of diabetes is estimated to rise by about 80% over the next 15 years. Diabetes causes vary depending on your genetic makeup, family history, ethnicity, health and environmental factors.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis kills 1.7 million people each year, with 9.4 million new cases a year. In 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared tuberculosis (TB) to be a global health emergency. Today, TB remains one of the world's major causes of illness and death. About one-third of the world's population, or two billion people, carry the TB bacteria, although most never develop active TB disease. An infectious disease, TB has been on the rise since the 1980s, with its spread concentrated in Asia and Africa. Much of TB's resurgence is directly connected to the HIV/AIDS pandemic especially in Africa where HIV is the most important factor determining the increased incidence of TB Tuberculosis is ultimately caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is spread from person to person through airborne particles. It is not guaranteed, though, that you will become infected with TB if you inhale the infected particles. Some people have strong enough immune systems that quickly destroy the bacteria once they enter the body.

Human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)

AIDS/HIV has spread rapidly. There are roughly: 33.4 million living with HIV 2.7 million new infections of HIV 2 million deaths from AIDS Approximately 7 out of 10 deaths for 2008 were in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region that also has over two-thirds of adult HIV cases and over 90% of new HIV infections amongst children. HIV/AIDS attacks the bodys immune system and is most often contracted through sexual contact. HIV/AIDS can also be passed to another person through contact with blood or body fluids, such as through blood transfusions, sharing needles contaminated with HIV, and during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Malaria

Malaria causes some 225 million acute illnesses and over 780,000 deaths, annually. There are approximately 216 million cases of the disease worldwide, killing about 655,000 people every year. Malaria is prevalent in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Central South America, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Oceania (Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya, and the Solomon Islands). Annual economic growth in countries with high malaria transmission has historically been lower than in countries without malaria. Economists believe that malaria is responsible for a growth penalty of up to 1.3% per year in some African countries. People can only get malaria if they're bitten by an infected mosquito, or if they receive infected blood from someone during a blood transfusion. Malaria can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. The mosquitoes that carry Plasmodium parasite get it from biting a person or animal that's already been infected.

Cancer
Out of the 7.6 million people who die of cancer every year, two-thirds come from developing countries.

In 1970, only 15 percent of reported cancers were from low and middle income countries. In 2008, the figure rose to 56 percent and is predicted to reach the 70 percent mark by 2030.
In 2002, Asia had the largest number of cancer deaths in the world, a total of 3,355,928 deaths, including 1,983,473 males and 1,372,455 females, followed by Europe (1,701,472), and North America (631,971). The mortality of cancer also increased dramatically with age for both males and females (Table 3-4). For males, the highest agestandardized mortality rate was observed in Eastern Europe (197.2 per 100,000 personyears) and the lowest in Western Africa (73.5 per 100,000 person-years). Cancer occurs when a cell's gene mutations make the cell unable to correct DNA damage and unable to commit suicide. Similarly, cancer is a result of mutations that inhibit oncogene and tumor suppressor gene function, leading to uncontrollable cell growth.

In every country of the world, preventing disease and maintaining good health are critical influences on quality of life. Disease prevention can be affected by many factors such as the physical and social environment, health education, available health care resources, and personal decision-making. Regardless of whether specific individuals, communities, or countries are touched by a given health concern, the World Health Organization states that, "In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defense against transnational threats. We should always promote a healthy lifestyle.