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CELLULAR PHONE SYSTEM

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In cellular phone system the entire coverage area is being divided into a number of hexagonal cells. Each cell is provided with a BASE STATION. Each mobile station communicates directly with the base station. Base stations of all the cells are connected to the MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER. The MSC is then connected to the PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK so that the land phone users can also be connected to the mobile users.

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The voice transmission and control signal transmission takes place through two channels VOICE CHANNEL CONTROL CHANNEL each of which can either be forward voice channel (FVC) or reverse voice channel (RVC) or FCC or RCC.

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The Radio Spectrum

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The Radio spectrum is composed of many frequency bands Communication systems have the ability to transmit signals at various frequencies, and the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulates which frequencies to use. Satellites and cell phones work in ultra high frequency range.

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Satellite Telephones

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A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a mobile phone that communicates directly with orbiting communications satellites and the coverage area may include the entire earth. The Satellite phones either make use of satellites in geostationary orbit or they make use of satellites in low earth orbit. Satellite telephones are utilized in circumstances where there is no access to a telephone or cellular network For example ships at sea

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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
A geostationary orbit (GEO) is an geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0 latitude). Satellite orbits in the direction of the Earth's rotation, at an altitude of approximately 35,786 km above ground. This altitude is significant because it produces an orbital period equal to the Earth's period of rotation

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LOW EARTH ORBIT

A low Earth orbit (LEO) is generally defined as an orbit within the locus extending from the Earths surface up to an altitude of 2,000 km.
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GEOSTATIONARY SERVICES
These satellite phones use satellites in the geostationary orbits. They can maintain nearcontinuous global coverage with only three or four satellites, reducing the launch costs. DISADVANTAGE The satellite is so far away (approx. 22,000 miles) that a comparatively large antenna system is required for signal transmission and reception. EXAMPLES Inmarsat satellite system

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LEO SERVICES
LEO satellites orbit the earth at high speed, low altitude orbits with an orbital time of 7090 minutes, an altitude of 640 to 1120 kilometres and provide coverage cells. Since the satellites are not geosynchronous they must fly complete orbits and thus further guarantee complete coverage over every area by at least one satellite at all times. EXAMPLE Iridium satellite phone system Globalstar satellite phone system

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INMARSAT SATELLITE PHONE SYSTEM

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Inmarsat plc is an international telecommunications company founded in 1979, originally as an intergovernmental organization. It operates a fleet of 11 geosynchronous communication satellite. Inmarsat provides telephony and data services to users world-wide

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Inmarsat technology

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An Inmarsat terminal contacts the satellite The satellites are digital transponders that receive digital signals, reform the pulses, and then retransmit them to ground stations. The ground stations perform billing and act as gateways to the public switched telephone network. They are called gateways because they direct the calls to the called party.
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SERVICE PROVIDED

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Services include traditional voice calls , highspeed data services and facility like GPRS is also provided at the rate of 492 kbps. Users are simply charged for the amount of data they send and receive rather than the length of time they are online . The voice calls rate are the same wherever in the world service is used.
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Iridium (satellite)
This system originally had 77 active satellites and hence it is called IRIDIUM which is the name of a n element whose atomic number is 77. Now it has a fleet of 66 active satellites. This service was launched in nov1,1998. But it could not servive because of the high cost of calls and large size of the hand sets. It was finally bought by a group of investors for 25 million. The satellites used are frequently visible in the night sky as short-lived bright flashes, known as IRIDIUM FLARES.

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IRIDIUM TECHNOLOGY

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Satellites are in low Earth orbit at a height of approximately 485 miles. Satellites communicate with neighbouring satellites via intersatellite links. Each satellite can have four intersatellite links. Because of this satellite to satellite link the call between two satellite phones is much cheaper. Because the call does not make use of ground stations at all. It is required only when a call is to be made to a land line number or to a cellular phone

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Iridium System
satellites orbit from pole to pole with an orbit of roughly 100 minutes. This design means that there is excellent satellite visibility and service coverage at the North and South poles, where there are few customers.

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Opposed to the terrestrial cellular system, the cell sites in the Iridium system are overhead and are moving !

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Global system
Globalstar satellite phone service is delivered through 48 Low-Earth-Orbiting satellites providing both voice and data services. The Globalstar LEO constellation is only 700 miles from earth which allows for the highest quality voice clarity of any satellite phone in the industry.
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Globalstar satellite phone technology

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When a call gets initiated it is picked up by 4 satellites which combine the signals into one signal. This combined signal is then transmitted to one of several terrestrial "gateways." The gateways are the ground stations who direct the signal to the call destination. These gateways process calls, they distribute them to an existing fixed and cellular local network. This is done when a call is to get matured between a satellite phone and a mobile.
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ADVANTAGES

Since the call is being picked up by 4 satellites the probability of call blocking I is greatly reduced. C If buildings or terrain block the phone's line-of-sight to a satellite, a "soft handoff" will take the place switching the call O to an another satellite with no N interruption.
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When we need two way real time video conferencing in tough field situation, we can use this video rental equipment. It has a built in video screen and camera so that we are ready to conference as soon as we open the case.
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call path of the satellite phones is disaster free. global coverage.

Provides But

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still satellite phones are not as popular as the cellular phones probably because of the high cost of the calls. Minimum call rate is slightly lesser than a $ per minute. It is very famous in European countries but it has not become popular in the Asian countries.
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is going on in order to decrease call cost so that satellite phone becomes a common mans MAIN TOPIC phone

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