Chapter 3

Atoms and Elements

3.1 Classification of Matter

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Matter

Matter is the stuff that makes up all things.

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Pure Substances
A pure substance is classified as

matter with a specific composition. an element when composed of one type of atom. a compound when composed of two or more
elements combined in a definite ratio.

Elements
Elements are pure substances that contains atoms of only one type. Copper, Cu Lead, Pb Aluminum, Al
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Compounds
Compounds

contain two or more elements

in a definite ratio.

Salt (NaCl) Table sugar (C12H22O11) Water (H2O)

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Elements in a Compound
Table salt is a compound that contains the elements sodium and chlorine.

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Mixtures
A mixture is a type of matter that consists of two or more substances that are physically mixed, not chemically combined. two or more substances in different proportions. substances that can be separated by physical methods.

Physical Separation of A Mixture

Example: Pasta and water are separated with a strainer.

Homogeneous Mixtures
In a homogeneous mixture,

the composition is uniform

throughout. the different parts of the mixture are not visible.

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Heterogeneous Mixtures
In a heterogeneous mixture, the composition of substances is not uniform. the composition varies from one part of the mixture to another. the different parts of the mixture are visible.
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Classification of Matter

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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.2 Elements and Symbols

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Elements
Elements are

pure substances that cannot be separated into

simpler substances by ordinary laboratory processes. the building blocks of matter.

gold

carbon
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aluminum

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Sources of Some Element Names

Some elements are named for planets, mythological figures, minerals, colors, scientists, and places.

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Symbols of Elements
A symbol represents the name of an element. consists of 1 or 2 letters. starts with a capital letter. 1-Letter Symbols C carbon N nitrogen F fluorine O oxygen 2-Letter Symbols Co cobalt Ca calcium Al aluminum Mg magnesium

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Symbols from Latin Names

Several symbols are derived from Latin names as shown below.

Cu, copper (cuprum)

Au, gold (aurum)

Fe, iron (ferrum)

Ag, silver (argentum)

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Physical Properties of Elements

The physical properties of an element are observed or measured without changing its identity. include the following:

Shape Color Odor and taste

Density Melting point Boiling Point

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Physical Properties of Elements

Some physical properties of copper are: Color Luster Melting point Boiling point Conduction of electricity Conduction of heat Red-orange Very shiny 1083C 2567C

Excellent
Excellent
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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.3 The Periodic Table

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Groups and Periods

On the periodic table,

elements are arranged according to similar

properties.

groups contain elements with similar properties in

vertical columns.

periods are horizontal rows of elements.

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Groups and Periods

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Periodic Table

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Group Numbers
Group Numbers

use the letter A for the representative elements (1A to

8A) and the letter B for the transition elements.

also use numbers 1-18 to the columns from left to right.

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Names of Some Representative Elements

Several groups of representative elements are known by common names.

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Alkali Metals
Group 1A(1), the alkali metals, includes lithium, sodium, and potassium.

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Halogens

Group 7A(17) the halogens, includes chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The heavy zigzag line separates metals and nonmetals. Metals are located to the left. Nonmetals are located to the right. Metalloids are located along the heavy zigzag line between the metals and nonmetals.
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Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Metals are shiny and ductile. are good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are dull, brittle, and poor conductors. are good insulators. Metalloids are better conductors than nonmetals, but not as good as metals. are used as semiconductors and insulators.
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Comparing a Metal, Metalloid, and Nonmetal

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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.4 The Atom

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Daltons Atomic Theory

In Daltons Atomic Theory, atoms

are tiny particles of matter. of an element are similar and

different from other elements. of two or more different elements combine to form compounds. are rearranged to form new combinations in a chemical reaction.

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Subatomic Particles
Atoms contains subatomic particles,

protons have a positive (+) charge. electrons have a negative (-) charge. like charges repel and unlike charges
attract. neutrons are neutral.

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Rutherfords Gold-Foil Experiment

In Rutherfords gold-foil experiment, positively charged particles were aimed at atoms of gold. mostly went straight through the atoms. were deflected only occasionally. Conclusion: There must be a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the atom that deflects positive particles that come close.

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Rutherfords Gold-Foil Experiment

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Structure of the Atom

An atom consists of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons. of electrons in a large empty space around the nucleus.

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Atomic Mass Scale

On the atomic mass scale for subatomic particles,

1 atomic mass unit (amu) has a mass equal to 1/12 of

the mass of the carbon-12 atom.

a proton has a mass of about 1 (1.007) amu. a neutron has a mass of about 1 (1.008) amu. an electron has a very small mass, 0.000549 amu.

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Particles in the Atom

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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.5 Atomic Number and Mass Number

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Atomic Number
The atomic number is specific for each element. is the same for all atoms of an element. is equal to the number of protons in an atom. appears above the symbol of an element.

Atomic Number Symbol

11 Na
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Atomic Number and Protons

Examples of atomic number and number of protons:

Hydrogen has atomic number 1; every H atom has

one proton.

Carbon has atomic number 6; every C atom has six

protons.

Copper has atomic number 29; every Cu atom has

29 protons.

Gold has atomic number 79; every Au atom has 79

protons.

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Electrons in An Atom
An atom of an element is electrically neutral; the net charge of an atom is zero. has an equal number of protons and electrons. number of protons = number of electrons Aluminum has 13 protons and 13 electrons. The net charge is zero. 13 protons (13+) + 13 electrons (13 -) = 0

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Mass Number
The mass number represents the number of particles in the nucleus. is equal to the number of protons + the number of neutrons.

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Atomic Models

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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.6 Isotopes and Atomic Mass

24Mg 12

25Mg 12

26Mg 12

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Isotopes
Isotopes

are atoms of the same element that have different

mass numbers.

have the same number of protons, but different

numbers of neutrons.

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Nuclear Symbol
A nuclear symbol

represents a particular atom of an element. gives the mass number in the upper left corner and
the atomic number in the lower left corner.

Example: An atom of sodium with atomic number 11 and a mass number 23 has the following atomic symbol: mass number 23

Na
atomic number 11
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Information from Nuclear Symbols

From the nuclear symbol, we can determine the number of protons (p+), neutrons, (n), and electrons (e-) in a particular atom.
16 31 65

15

30

Zn

8 p+ 8n 8 e-

15 p+ 16 n 15 e-

30 p+ 35 n 30 e-

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Isotopes of Magnesium
In naturally occurring magnesium, there are three isotopes.
Isotopes of Mg

24Mg 12

25Mg 12

26Mg 12

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Isotopes of Sulfur
A sample of naturally occurring sulfur contains several isotopes with the following abundances Isotope % abundance 32S 95.02 33S 0.75 34S 4.21 36S 0.02

32S, 33S, 34S, 36S 16 16 16 16

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Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element

is listed below the symbol of each element

on the periodic table.

gives the mass of an average atom of

each element compared to 12C.

Na 22.99

is not the same as the mass number.

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Isotopes of Some Elements and Their Atomic Mass

Most elements have two or more isotopes that contribute to the atomic mass of that element.

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Atomic Mass for Cl

The atomic mass of chlorine is

due to all the Cl isotopes. not a whole number. the average of two isotopes:
35Cl

and 37Cl.

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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.7 Electron Energy Levels

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Energy Levels
Energy levels are assigned numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. increase in energy as the value of n increases. are like the rungs of a ladder with the lower energy levels nearer the ground.

n=4

n=3

n=2

n=1

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Energy Levels
Energy levels have a maximum number of electrons equal to 2n2. Energy level n=1 n=2 n=3 Maximum number of electrons 2(1)2 = 2(1) = 2 2(2)2 = 2(4) = 8 2(3)2 = 2(9) = 18

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Orbitals
An orbital is a three-dimensional space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found.

has a shape that represents electron density (not

a path the electron follows).

can hold up to 2 electrons.

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s Orbitals
An s orbital has a spherical shape around the nucleus. is found in each energy level.

n=3

n=2

n=1
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p Orbitals
A p orbital has a two-lobed shape. is one of three p orbitals in each energy level from n = 2.

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Electrons in Energy Levels n = 1- 4

Energy Level 1 2 Orbitals 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f Maximum No. of Electrons 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 Total Electrons 2 8

18

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Chapter 3 Atoms and Elements

3.8 Periodic Trends

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Valence Electrons
The valence electrons determine the chemical properties of the elements. are the electrons in the highest energy level. are related to the group number of the element. Example: Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons.
5 valence electrons

P Group 5A(15)

2, 8, 5

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Groups and Valence Electrons

All the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons. Example: Elements in group 2A(2) have two (2) valence electrons. Be 2, 2 Mg 2, 8, 2 Ca 2, 8, 8, 2 Sr 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

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Periodic Table and Valence Electrons

Representative Elements Group Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H 1 Li 2,1 Be 2,2 Al 2,3 C 2,4 N 2,5 O 2,6 F 2,7

8 He 2
Ne 2,8

Li Mg 2,8,1 2,8,2

Ge Si 2,8,3 2,8,4

P 2,8,5

S Cl 2,8,6 2,8,7

Ar 2,8,8
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Electron-Dot Symbols
An electron-dot symbol shows the valence electrons around the symbol of the element. for Mg has two valence electrons as single dots on the sides of the symbol Mg. . . Mg or Mg or Mg or Mg
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Writing Electron-Dot Symbols

Electron-dot symbols for groups 1A(1) to 4A(14) use single dots. Na Mg Al C

groups 5A(15) to 7A(17) use pairs and single dots.

P

: O

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Groups and Electron-Dot Symbols

In a group, all the electron-dot symbols have the same number of valence electrons (dots). Example: Atoms of elements in Group 2A(2) each have 2 valence electrons. Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
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Atomic Size
Atomic size is described using the atomic radius; the distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons.

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Atomic Radius Within A Group

Atomic radius increases going down each group of representative elements.

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Atomic Radius Across a Period

Going across a period left to right, an increase in number of protons increases attraction for valence electrons. atomic radius decreases.

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Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a valence electron. Na(g) + Energy (ionization) Na+(g) + e-

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Ionization Energy In a Group

Going up a group of representative elements, the distance decreases between nucleus and valence electrons.

the ionization energy

increases.

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Ionization Energy
Metals have
lower ionization energies. Nonmetals have higher ionization energies.

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