Chapter 7

Vocabulary
Principle of segregation Principle of independent assortment Blending inheritance Saltations mutation Epigenetics Phenotype Genotype allele Dominant allele Recessive allele Gene Sex-linked genes Recombination of genes Sex determination Haploid Diploid Environmentally dependent sex determining mechanisms Gene environment interactions

Necessary Concepts
Explain the patterns of inheritance

Questions
How did scientists discover the patterns of inheritance? What are the patterns of inheritance? How does the environment influence the gender of organisms? What are the major research conclusions about genes improving our understanding of evolution?

Historical Perspective of Heredity

Blending Saltations

Modern Genetics
Scientists discovered Gregor Mendels discoveries in the 1800s and the actual chromosomes
Meiosis explains Mendels law of segregation

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Chromosomes are carriers of genetic information
Traits are controlled by discrete genes Genes occur on homologous pairs of chromosomes Each homologue holds one copy of each gene pair

Patterns of Inheritance
Mendels Law of Heredity
Observable traits are inherited

Principle of segregation
Each individual has 2 factors for each trait The factors separate during the process of meiosis Each gamete contains only 1 factor from each pair Fertilization gives each new individual 2 factors of each trait

Principle of Independent Assortment

Each pair of traits assorts independent of the other traits All possible combinations of traits can occur in all of the gametes

Tool: Punnett Square

Use the gametes of each parent Square represents all possible combination of gametes Each square is the probability for an individual offspring

Dominant

Recessive

Heterozygous

Polydactyl cats

 It is an autosomal, dominant trait If you have a polydactyl female and she mates with a non-polydactyl male, what is the ratio of polydactyl and non-polydactyl offspring?

Punnett Square for Sex Linked Genes

Epigenetics: Study of heritable changes in gene expression without changes in DNA sequence
Epigenome:
DNA and other factors affecting DNA Genes controlling gene expression 2 copies of each gene: 1 from mother, 1 from father

Turning on or turning off genes

Happens throughout our lifetime Developing embryo is the most sensitive

Inherited
Imprinting: gene from 1 parent (or grand parent) turned on

Changes over time due to exposure

Prevention, Repair

Extranuclear Inheritance

Penis Fencing

Temperature-Dependent Mechanisms

Adult Sex Changing

Compensatory Mechanisms

Haplodiploidy

Environmental Dependent Mechansims

Environmental Dependent Mechanisms

Environmental Dependent Mechanisms

Gene Expression
Process creating traits and observable characteristics Reading a gene (DNA) to make a product
Proteins Tell other genes to turn on or off RNA molecules