Understanding the Host-to-Host Communications Model

Building a Simple Network

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Understanding Host-to-Host Communications

Older model
o Proprietary o Application and combinations software controlled by one vendor o Multivendor software o Layered approach
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Standards-based model

Why a Layered Network Model?

Reduces complexity Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering Ensures interoperable Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning
technology

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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The Seven Layers of the OSI Model (Cont.)

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Data Encapsulation

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Data De-Encapsulation

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Peer-to-Peer Communication

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TCP/IP Stack

Defines four layers Uses different names for Layers 1 Combines Layers 5 through 7 into
single application layer through 3

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Transport Layer

Session multiplexing Segmentation Flow control (when required) Connection-oriented Reliability (when required)
(when required)

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Reliable vs. Best-Effort Comparison

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UDP Characteristics

Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models Provides applications with access to the network layer without the Is a connectionless protocol Provides limited error checking Provides best-effort delivery Has no data-recovery features
overhead of reliability mechanisms

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UDP Header

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TCP Characteristics

Transport layer of the TCP/IP stack Access to the network layer for applications Connection-oriented protocol Full-duplex mode operation Error checking Sequencing of data packets Acknowledgement of receipt Data-recovery features

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TCP Header

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TCP/IP Application Layer Overview File transfer

o FTP o TFTP o Network File System o Simple Mail Transfer Protocol o Telnet

E-mail

Remote login
o rlogin

Network management Name management

o Simple Network Management Protocol

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Mapping Layer 3 to Layer 4

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Mapping Layer 4 to Applications

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Establishing a Connection

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Three-Way Handshake

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Flow Control

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TCP Acknowledgment

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Fixed Windowing

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TCP Sliding Windowing

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TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers

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