pharmacogenomics

The future of medicine

Things that are to going to be talked about:

What is pharmacogenomics? What are its applications? Its benefits Barriers being faced

Social factors Race/ethnicity Age Concomitant Diseases Weight Concomitant Drugs Gender GENETICS

Pharmacogenomics by definition:
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. It aims to: develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype,

to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects.

The Simple Definition

Pharmacogenomics: using genetic information to predict whether a drug will help make a patient well or ill.

Pharmacogenomics has applications in illness like:

cancer cardiovascular disorders depression bipolar disorder attention deficit disorders HIV tuberculosis asthma diabetes

Drug metabolism
There are several known genes which are largely responsible for variances in drug metabolism and response. The most common are the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, which encode enzymes that influence the metabolism of more than 80 percent of current prescription drugs. Codeine, Clopidogrel, tamoxifen, and warfarin are examples of medications that follow this metabolic pathway. if a person receives one 1 allele each from mother and father to code for the CYP2D6 gene, then that person is considered to have an extensive metabolizer (EM) phenotype. Other CYP metabolism phenotypes include: intermediate, ultra-rapid, and poor

Warfarin and CYP2C9 Widely prescribed anticoagulant drug used to prevent blood clots Narrow range between efficacy and toxicity CYP2C9 is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of warfarin SNPs exist in CYP2C9 gene that decrease the activity of the CYP2C9 metabolizing enzyme

What are the anticipated benefits of pharmacogenomics?

More Powerful Medicines
Better, Safer Drugs the First Time Advanced Screening for Disease Better Vaccines Improvements in the Drug Discovery and Approval Process Decrease in the Overall Cost of Health Care

Is pharmacogenomics in use today?

To a limited degree. Clinical trials researchers use genetic tests for variations in cytochrome P450 genes to screen and monitor patients. Another enzyme called TPMT (thiopurine methyltransferase) plays an important role in the chemotherapy treatment of a common childhood leukemia.

What are some of the barriers to pharmacogenomics progress?

Pharmacogenomics is a developing research field that is still in its infancy. Several of the following barriers will have to be overcome before many pharmacogenomics benefits can be realized.

 Complexity of finding gene variations that affect drug response Limited drug alternatives Disincentives for drug companies to make multiple pharmacogenomic products Educating healthcare providers

A possible future maybe

heres my sequence

Personalized medicine: elusive dream or imminent reality? In summary: it is both.