Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
What is Grammar ? Grammar is one of the most evocative words in the whole of our educational vocabulary. To other people, grammar suggests discipline, rigour and correctness; a no nonsense approach to education, based on teaching children healthy habits of speech, writing, thought and behaviour.
Clause
is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Independent Clause
1.Simple sentences
are made up of one independent clause. The dog ran. E.g.
S V
2.Compound sentences
are made up of two(or sometimes more) independent clauses that are joined by a conjunction (such as and, but, or, nor and yet).
E.g.
3.Complex sentences
are made up of one or more independent clauses AND one or more dependent clauses.
E.g.
Dependent clause
V
BACK
Dependent clause
have a subject and a verb, but
they DO NOT form complex sentences. They must be connected to an independent clause.
E.g.
that I saw
There are three kinds of Dependent Clauses:noun clauses, adjective uses, adverb clauses.
A. Noun clauses
like nouns, can be used in any
noun position.
B. Adjective clauses
like adjective, are used to
describe a noun.
A. Noun clauses
A noun clause has subject and a
verb. It is introduced by a clause marker and can be used in exactly the same way as a way as a noun.
As subjects
a. Johns jokes are very funny.(noun) b. What John says is very funny. (noun clause)
As objects
a. The man told us the address.(noun) b. The man told us where he lived. (noun clauses)
That
---- indicates a fact.
E.g.
What
-----focuses on a fact.
E.g. Everyone was surprised at what he
When
---indicates a time
E.g.
Where
---indicates a place.
E.g. Where they are going on their holiday is a secret.
Why
---indicates a reason.
E.g.
Who
---indicates a person.
E.g.
How
Which
If/whether
Whose
---indicates possession.
E.g.
I never found out whose car was parked outside our house.
Adjective clauses
An adjective clause does the work of an adjective.
They are usually introduced by relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that, why, when or where.
1. Adjective phrases
An adjective clause can often be
reduced to an adjective phrase when the relative pronoun of the adjective clause is the subject of the clause. You can reduce the clause by either:
(1) (2) Omitting the be verb or
2.
The ing form is used for the active voice, and the ed form is used for the passive voice.
(Past) :
The police who are investigating the case have found an important clue.
3. No reduced form
(A)
When the clause marker is in
object position it cannot be reduced to an adjective phrase. The video tape checking out of the KPS is due today. () The video tape that I checked out of the KPS is due today. () subject for the verb check. Video tape cannot check themselves out.
E.g.
3. No reduced form
(B)
The adjective clause beginning with whose cannot be reduced without a change in meaning. The man whose son is studying in POHCKMC. () The man studying in POHCKMC. ()
E.g.
3. No reduced form
(C)
The adjective clause beginning with a clause marker that takes the adverb position cannot be reduced to an adjective phrase. The place where Sharon lived in was collapsed. () The place living in was collapsed. ()
E.g.
Object
Possession
whose
Animals / things
whose
Subject : people
E.g.
BACK
BACK
Object : people
E.g.
BACK
BACK
Possession : people
E.g.
BACK
Possession
Who
Who /Whom
whose
Which
Which
whose
Subject : people
E.g.
BACK
BACK
Object : people
E.g.
BACK
The car, which we liked a lot, was much too expensive to buy.
BACK
Possession : people
E.g.
BACK
That
That may replace the subject of a simple sentence. (Two simple sentence) The body is like a complex machine.
Who
Who may replace subject that refer to people. (Two simple sentences) The teacher was Miss Lam. She taught English in school. (One complex sentence) The teacher who taught English in school was Dr. Andrews .
which
Which may replace subjects that refer to things or ideas. (Two simple sentence) Aspirin is a common treatment for headaches.
whose
Whose may replace a possessive noun or adjective that modifies the subject of the clause. (Two simple sentence)
The woman thanked the doctor. His treatment had cured her.
(One complex sentence) The woman thanked the doctor whose treatment had cured her.
That or which
That or which may replace an object of
Who
Who(m) replace the object of a verb to form an adjective clause. (Two simple sentences)
The woman believe the astrologer. She had consulted the astrologer.
(One complex sentence)
When
When usually modifies a noun that has the meaning of time or a time period (Two simple sentences)
The 1950s were a time. At that time, doctors still made house call.
(One complex sentence) The 1950s were a time when doctors still made house call.
Where
Where usually modifies a noun that has the meaning of a physical place or an abstract area or field. (Two simple sentences) We can expect continued progress in the medical field. New discoveries are made every day in the medical field. (One complex sentence) We can expect continued progress in the medical field, where new discoveries are made every day.