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a system:
Some portion of the universe that you wish to study
The surroundings:
The adjacent part of the universe outside the system
Changes in a system are associated with the transfer of energy Natural systems tend toward states of minimum energy
Energy States
Unstable: falling or rolling Stable: at rest in lowest energy state Metastable: in low-energy perch
Figure 5.1. Stability states. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Thermodynamics
a Phase: a mechanically separable portion of a system Mineral Liquid Vapor
Thermodynamics
The change in some property, such as G for a reaction of the type: 2A + 3B =C +4D DG = S (n G)products - S(n G)reactants = GC + 4GD - 2GA - 3GB
Thermodynamics
For a phase we can determine V, T, P, etc., but not G or H We can only determine changes in G or H as we change some other parameters of the system
Example: measure DH for a reaction by calorimetry - the heat given off or absorbed as a reaction proceeds
Arbitrary reference state and assign an equally arbitrary value of H to it: Choose 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa (lab conditions) ...and assign H = 0 for pure elements (in their natural state - gas, liquid, solid) at that reference
Thermodynamics
In our calorimeter we can then determine DH for the reaction:
DH = -910,648 J/mol
= molar enthalpy of formation of quartz (at 298, 0.1) It serves quite well for a standard value of H for the phase Entropy has a more universal reference state: entropy of every substance = 0 at 0K, so we use that (and adjust for temperature)
Thermodynamics
For other temperatures and pressures we can use the equation:
dG = VdP SdT
GT
P2
- GT
P1
P2
P1
VdP -
T2
T1
SdT
Thermodynamics
If V and S are constants, our equation reduces to:
Thermodynamics
In Worked Example 1 we used
Agreement is quite good (< 2% for change of 500o and 500 MPa or 17 km)
Thermodynamics
Summary thus far:
Use? If we know G for various phases, we can determine which is most stable Why is melt more stable than solids at high T? Is diamond or graphite stable at 150 km depth? What will be the effect of increased P on melting?
G is a measure of relative chemical stability for a phase We can determine G for any phase by measuring H and S for the reaction creating the phase from the elements We can then determine G at any T and P mathematically Most accurate if know how V and S vary with P and T dV/dP is the coefficient of isothermal compressibility dS/dT is the heat capacity (Cp)
Does the liquid or solid have the larger volume? High pressure favors low volume, so which phase should be stable at high P?
Figure 5.2. Schematic P-T phase diagram of a melting reaction. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
We can thus predict that the slope of solid-liquid equilibrium should be positive and that increased pressure raises the melting point.
The phase assemblage with the lowest G under a specific set of conditions is the most stable
Would the slope for the liquid be steeper or shallower than that for the solid?
Figure 5.3. Relationship between Gibbs free energy and temperature for the solid and liquid forms of a substance at constant pressure. Teq is the equilibrium temperature. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
For a reaction of melting (like ice water) DV is the volume change involved in the reaction (Vwater - Vice) similarly DS and DG are the entropy and free energy changes
dDG is then the change in DG as T and P are varied
DG is (+) for S L at point A (GS < GL) DG is (-) for S L at point B (GS > GL) DG = 0 for S L at point x (GS = GL)
Pick any two points on the equilibrium curve DG = ? at each Therefore dDG from point X to point Y = 0 - 0 = 0
dP DS = dT DV
Figure 5.4. Relationship between Gibbs free energy and pressure for the solid and liquid forms of a substance at constant temperature. Peq is the equilibrium pressure. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Figure 5.5. Piston-and-cylinder apparatus to compress a gas. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.