Light, Reflection, and Refraction

Electromagnetic Waves

Magnetic field wave perpendicular to an electric field wave

All objects emit EMWs.

Temp EMW

Electromagnetic spectrum
Range of all frequencies of light

Visible light is a very small portion of that entire spectrum.

Speed of Light - 3.00 x 108m/s. = (wavelength) x (frequency) c =

Example

AM Radio waves
5.4 x 105 Hz 1.7 x 106 Hz = ?

Visible Light

Part of the EMS humans can see

Red - 750nm (x10-9m) Purple - 380nm

Bees, Birds UV Snakes IR

Reflection

Light waves usually travel in straight paths Change in substance changes direction Opaque - does not permit light
some light reflected some light absorbed as heat

Reflection

Texture affects reflection Diffuse reflection (rough)

reflects light in many different directions,

Specular reflection (smooth)

reflects light in only one direction

Smooth variations in surface

Mirrors

Light striking a mirror reflects at the same angle that it struck the mirror

Flat Mirrors

p=q
p- objects distance to the mirror q - distance from the mirror to the image

Virtual image
Does not exist Made by our eyes

Ray Diagrams

Used to predict the location of the image of an object

Concave Spherical Mirrors

Reflective surface is on the interior of a curved surface

C center of curvature R Radius (distance to C) f Focal Point (1/2 R) Principal axis

any line that passes through C usually oriented with an object

Mirror Equations

1/object distance + 1/image distance = 1/focal length

1/p + 1/q = 1/f

Magnification (M) =
Image height/object height (h / h) - (q / p) M = h / h = - (q / p)

Sign of Magnification
Sign of M Orientation of Image Upright Type of Image

Virtual

Inverted

Real

Concave Spherical Mirror Rules

A ray traveling through C will reflect back through C A ray traveling through (f) will reflect parallel to the PA A ray traveling to the intersection of the PA and the mirror will reflect at the same angle below the PA. A ray traveling parallel to PA will reflect through the focal point

Ray Diagrams

Draw three rays

The image forms at the point of intersection

Example
f = 10.0cm p = 30.0cm h = 3.00cm

Convex Spherical Mirrors

Reflective surface is on the outside of the curve. The points f and C are located behind the mirror
negative

Rules

A ray parallel to the PA will reflect directly away from f. A ray towards f will reflect parallel to the PA A ray towards C will reflect directly away from C. A ray to the intersection of PA and mirror will reflect at the same angle below the OA. Trace the 3 diverging lines back through the mirror to reveal the location of the image which is always virtual

Example

f = -8.00cm p= 10.0cm h = 3cm

Parabolic Mirrors

Rays that hit spherical mirrors far away from the OA often reflect though other points causing fuzzy images, spherical aberration. Telescopes use parabolic mirrors as they ALWAYS focus the rays to a single point.

Refraction

Substances that are transparent or translucent allow light to pass though them. Changes direction of light Due to the differences in speed of light

Analogy

A good analogy for refracting light is a lawnmower traveling from the sidewalk onto mud

Index of Refraction (n)

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium n-c

Snells Law

ni(sini) = nr(sinr) r = sin-1{(ni/ nr)(sini)} Example

i = 30.0 ni = 1.00 nr = 1.52

i = 30.0 ni = 1.00 nr = 1.52

Total Internal Reflection

If the angle of incidence of a ray is greater than a certain critical angle the ray will reflect rather than reflect This principal is responsible for the properties of fiber optic cables. Remember the lawn mower analogy

Critical Angle

sin c = nr / ni As long as nr < ni What is the critical angle for light traveling from Diamond to Air?

nr = 1.000 ni = 2.419

Thin Lenses

Converging

Diverging

f- curve of lens & index of refraction

Converging Lens Diagram

1.

2.

3.

Ray parallel to PA, refracts through far focal point Ray through center of lens, continues straight line Ray through near focal point, refracts through lens, continues parallel to PA Treat lens as though it were a flat plane.

Diverging Lens Diagram

Because the rays that enter a diverging lens do not intersect a virtual image is formed by tracing back the refracted rays. Ray 1 - parallel to PA, refracts away from near f, trace back to near f. Ray 2 - ray toward far f, refracts parallel to PA, trace back parallel to PA Ray 3 - ray through center, continues straight, trace back toward object

Sign Conventions for Lens

Sign
+

p
Near side of lens
Far side of lens

q
Far side of lens

F
Convergin g Lens

Near side Diverging of lens Lens

Converging Lens Example

p = 30.0cm f = 10.cm

Diverging Lens Example

p = 12.5cm f = -10.0cm

Made by Nishad

Submitted to Lalit sir