MTPI - TRSP

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
RESEARCH
the process of finding solution to a problem after a thorough study & analysis of the situational factors.
BUSINESS RESEARCH
a systematic & organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting, that needs solution or organized, systematic, databased, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.
Research provides needed information that guides managers to make decisions to deal successfully with problems. Information resulted from data gathered first hand (primer) or data already available (secondary), can be quantitative (gathered through structured question) and qualitative data(generated from broad answers).
METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN
Business research usually conducted to resolve problematic issues in or interrelated function areas of business such as marketing (consumer behaviour, market orientation, customer satisfaction, new product development positioning), finance (financial ratio, taxation method), management ( impact of changing demographics on management practices, strategy formulation)
TYPE of BUSINESS RESEARCH
Applied Research : applying the results findings to solve specific problems currently being experienced in the organization Basic Research :
done to enhance understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in the organizational setting & seek methods of solving them
Applied Research :
PURPOSE of
to solve a current problem faced by manager in the work setting, demanding timely solution Basic Research : to generate the body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in the organization can be solved
Knowleadgeable about research helps manager to :

Identify & effectively solve minor problems in the work setting Know how to discriminate good from bad research Appreciate & be aware of the multiple influences & multiple effects of factors impinging on a situation Take calculated risks in decision making, knowing full well the probabilities attached to the different possible outcomes Prevent possible vested interests from exercising their influence in a situation Relate to hired researchers & consultants more effectively Combine experience with scientific knowledge while decisions
Characteristics of scientific research
Purposiveness Rigor Testability
Replicability
Precision & Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability Parsimony
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION The Building Blocks of Science

Identification of Problem Area
Theoretical Framework of Network Associations
Observation
Refinement of Theory (pure research) or Implementation (applied research)
Hypotheses
Interpretation of Data
Constructs Concepts Operational Defenition
Analysis of Data
Data Collection
Research Design
DEDUCTION is the process by which we
arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact
INDUCTION is a process where we
observe certain phenomena and on this basis arrive at conclusion. In induction we logically establish a general proposition based on observed facts
Seven steps involved in the hypothetico-deductive method of research :
Observation Preliminary information gathering Theory formulation Hypothesizing Further scientific data collection Data analysis Deduction
RESEARCH PROCESS
( STEP 1 - 3 )
RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

The RESEARCH PROCESS BASIC & APPLIED RESESEARCH 1
DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS, & INTERPRETATION
OBSEVATION Broad area of research Interest identified
PROBLEM DEFENITION Research Problem Defineated
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Variables Clearly Identified & Labeled
GENERATION of HYPOTHESES
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN
PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING Interviewing Literature Survey NO YES
DEDUCTION Hypotheses Substantiated ? Research Question Answered ?
REPORT WRITING METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN
REPORT PRESENTATION
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MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING
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PROCESS
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY in HYPOTHETICODEDUCTIVE
Developing conceptual frame work Hypotheses

DESIGN Location Sample Collect Data Analyze Data
WRITE REPORT
MAKES PRESENTATION SOLVING PROBLEM
BROAD PROBLEM AREA
ENTIRE SITUATION WHERE ONE SEES A POSSIBLE NEED FOR RESEARCH & PROBLEM SOLVING
THE SPECIFIC ISSUES NEED TO BE RESEARCHED :

PROBLEMS CURRENTLY EXISTING IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING THAT NEED TO BE SOLVED; AREAS IN THE ORGANIZATION THAT A MANAGER BELIEVES NEED TO BE IMPROVED; A CONCEPTUAL OR THEORETICAL ISSUE THAT NEEDS TO BE TIGHTENED UP FOR THE BASIC RESEARCHER TO UNDERSTAND CERTAIN PHENOMENA; SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS THAT A BASIC RESEARCHER WANTS TO ANSWER EMPIRICALLY
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NATURE of PRLIMINARY DATA TO BE COLLECTED Background information of the organization Managerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspects Perceptions, attitudes, & behavioral responses of organizational member & client systems
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Origin & history of the company
Size in terms of employees & assets
Background information of the organization
Purpose & ideology Location Resources Interdependent relationships with other institutions & the external environment Financial position
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Managerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspects
Roles, position, number of employee Extent of specialization Communication channels Control systems Coordination & span of control
Reward systems
Workflow systems & the like
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Perceptions, attitudes, & behavioral responses of organizational member & client systems
Nature of the work Workflow interdependencies Superiors in the organization
Participation in decision making

Client systems Coworkers
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LITERATURE SURVEY is :
the documentation of a comprehensive review of the published & unpublished work from secondary sources of data.
The PURPOSE is :
to ensure that no important variable is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact on the problem.
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A GOOD LITERATURE SURVEY ENSURES THAT :

Important variables are not left out
A clearer idea emerges thus helps the development of the theoretical framework & hypotheses Testability & replicability are enhanced The problem statement can be made with precision & clarity One does not run wasting efforts on trying to rediscover something that is already known The problem investigated is perceived by the scientific community as relevant & significant
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STEP IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE SURVEY :

Identifying various published & unpublished materials on the topic of interest & gaining access to these. Gathering relevant information Writing up the literature review
THREE FORMS of DATABASES in REVIEW the LITERATURE :

Bibliographic databases Abstract databases Full-text databases
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PROBLEM
ANY SITUATION WHERE A GAP EXISTS BETWEEN THE ACTUAL & THE DESIRED IDEAL STATES
Example :
SYMPTOMS PROBLEM Low productivity
Low morale & motivation of employees who feel the are not being recognized as valuable contributors to the system & get no praise for the good work that they do
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PROBLEM DEFINITION
A CLEAR, PRECISE, & SUCCINCT STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION OR ISSUE THAT IS TO BE INVESTIGATED WITH THE GOAL OF FINDING AN ANSWER OR SOLUTION
IMPORTANT to : UNDERSTAND ANTECEDENTS PROBLEM CONSECQUENCES SEQUENCE TO INFORM ALL EMPLOYEES WHO WILL BE INTEVIEWED OF THE PROPOSED STUDY
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RESEARCH PROCESS
( STEP 4 - 5 )
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HOW ONE THEORIZES OR MAKES LOGICAL SENSE OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SEVERAL FACTORS THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS IMPORTANT TO THE PROBLEM
Testable hypotheses can be develop Examining the problem under investigation
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VARIABLE
IS ANYTHING THAT CAN TAKE ON DIFFERING OR VARYING VALUES
Main types of variables :
Dependent variable Independent variable Moderating variable Intervening variable
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DEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE OF PRIMARY INTEREST TO THE RESEARCHER
Examples : Customer satisfaction Sales
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
ONE THAT INFLUENCES THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IN EITHER A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE WAY
Examples : Price Promotion
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RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
NEW PRODUCT SUCCESS
STOCK MARKET PRICE
NUMBER OF BOOKS
READING ABILITIES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
MODERATING VARIABLE
ONE THAT HAS A STRONG CONTINGENT EFFECT ON THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP. THE PRESENCE OF A THIRD VARIABLE MODIFIES THE ORIGINAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT & THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Examples : PARENTS LITERACY MODIFIES THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN NUMBER OF BOOKS & READING ABILITIES OF FIVE YEARS OLD CHILDREN
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RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE and THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE as MODERATED BY THE MODERATING VARIABLE
NUMBER OF BOOKS
READING ABILITIES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
PARENTS LITERACY
MODERATING VARIABLE
RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) ILUSTRATION of the INFLUENCE of INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON the DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHEN NO MODERATING VARIABLE OPERATES IN the SITUATION
WILLIGNESS TO LEARN
TRAINING PROGRAMS GROWTH NEEDS

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) ILUSTRATION of the INFLUENCE of AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON the DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHEN A MODERATING VARIABLE IS OPERATING IN the SITUATION
WILLIGNESS TO LEARN
EFFECTS FOR THOSE HIGH IN GROWTH NEEDS
EFFECTS FOR THOSE LOW IN GROWTH NEEDS
TRAINING PROGRAMS
INTERVENING VARIABLE
ONE THAT SURFACES BETWEEN THE TIME THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OPERATE TO INFLUENCE THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE & THEIR IMPAC ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Examples : INDEPENDENT VARIABLE WORKFORCE DIVERSITYINFLUENCED THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS, AN INTERVENING VARIABLE THAT SURFACES AS A FUNCTION OF THE DIVERSITY IN THE WORKFORCE IS CREATIVE SYNERGY
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RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, INTERVENING, and DEPENDENT VARIABLE
TIME :
t1
WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
t2
CREATIVE SYNERGY
t3
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THREE VARIABLES WORKFORCE DIVERSITY, ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS , AND MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE
WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE
MODERATING VARIABLE
RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 4-5) DIAGRAM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, INTERVENING, MODERATING, and DEPENDENT VARIABLE
TIME :
t1
t2
CREATIVE SYNERGY
t3
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
MANAGERIAL EXPERTISE
MODERATING VARIABLE METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
IT IS A LOGICALLY DEVELOPED, DESCRIBED, AND ELABORATED NETWORK ASSOCIATION AMONG VARIABLES DEEMED RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM SITUATION
5 Basic features should be incorporated: Variables considered relevant should be clearly identified & labeled State how two or more variables are related to another. Nature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the basis of the finding from previous research Clear explanation of why we would expect these relationship exist Schematic diagram should be given
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

COMMUNICATION AMONG COCKPIT MEMBERS COMMUNICATION BETWEEN GROUND CONTROL & COCKPIT DECENTRALIZATION
AIR-SAFETY VIOLATIONS
TRAINING OF COCKPIT CREW
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INCLUDING A MODERATING VARIABLE

TRAINING
MODERATING VARIABLE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK INCLUDING THE INTERVENING VARIABLE
TRAINING OF COCKPIT CREW
NERVOUSNESS & DIFFIDENCE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
HYPOTHESES
LOGICALLY CONJECTURED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF TESTABLE STATEMENT
Examples : If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situation, air safety violations will be reduced
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FORMAT STATEMENT of HYPOTHESES IF - THEN

IF EMPLOYEES ARE MORE HEALTHY, THEN THEY WILL TAKE SICK LEAVE LESS FREQUENTLY
PROPOSITIONS
EMPLOYEES WHO ARE MORE HEALTHY WILL TAKE SICK LEAVE LESS FREQUENTLY
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DIRECTIONAL & NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES

DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES : DIRECTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES INDICATED THE GREATER THE STRESS EXPERIENCED IN THE JOB, THE LOWER THE JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES : DO POSTULATED A RELATIONSHIP OR DIFFERENCES BUT NO DIRECTION OF THESE RELATIONSHIP OR DEFFERENCES THERE IS REALTIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE & JOB SATISFACTION
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NULL HYPOTHESES : IS A PROPOSITION THAT STATES A DEFENITIVE,

EXACT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO VARIABLE. IT STATES THAT THE POPULATION CORRELATION BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OR THAT THE DIFFERENCE IN THE MEANS OF TWO GROUPS IN THE POPULATION IS EQUAL TO ZERO Ho :
m = w Ho : m - w = 0
Where :
Ho : Null hypotheses m : Motivational level of the men w : Motivational level of the women
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ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES : STATEMENT EXPRESSING A RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OR NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO GROUPS Ha : Ha : Where :
Ho : Null hypotheses m : Motivational level of the men w : Motivational level of the women
m < w m > w
NON DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES :

Ha :
m w
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NULL HYPOTHESES : Ho : P = 0 Where :

Ho : Null hypotheses P : Correlation between stress & job satisfaction
DIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES Ha : P < 0 NONDIRECTIONAL ALTERNATE HYPOTHESES Ha : P 0
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPING
ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN TO THE TOP
ACCESS TO INFORMATION
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The RESEARCH DESIGN

DETAILS OF STUDY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY TYPES OF INVESTIGATION ESTABLISHING : - CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS - CORRELATIONS - GROUP DIFFERENCES RANKS, ETC. EXTENT OF RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE MINIMAL : STUDYING EVENTS AS THEY NORMALLY OCCUR MANIPULATION AND/OR CONTROL AND/OR SITUATION

MEASUREMENT STUDY SETTING MEASUREMENS & MEASURES - OPERATIONAL DEFINITION - ITEMS ( MEASURE ) - SCALING - CATEGORIZING - CODING
- EXPLORATION
- DESCRIPTION PROBLEM STATEMENT - HYPOTHESIS TESTING
- CONTRIVED
- NON CONTRIVED
DATA ANALYSIS
1. FEEL FOR DATA 2. GOODNES OF DATA
UNIT OF ANALYSIS ( POPULATION TO BE STUDIED ) INDIVIDUALS DYADS GROUPS ORGANIZATIONS MACHINES ETC
SAMPLING DESIGN - PROBABILITY/ NON PROBABILITY - SAMPLE SIZE ( n )
TIME HORIZON - ONE-SHOT ( CROSSSECTIONAL ) - LONGITUDINAL
DATA COLLECTION METHOD - OBSERVATION INTERVIEW - QUESTIONNAIRE - PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT - UNOBTRUSIVE
3. HYPOTHESES TESTING
ELEMENTS of RESEARCH DESIGN
THE PURPOSE of THE STUDY

EXPLORATORY Undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand, or when no information is available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past DESCRIPTIVE Undertaken in order to ascertain & be able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation Undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variable or to predict organizational outcomes
HYPOTHESES TESTING
CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Involve in-depth, contextual analyses of similar situations in other organizations, where the nature of the problem & the problem definition happen to be the same as the one experienced in the current situation
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TYPE of INVESTIGATION
Is done when it is necessary to establish a definitive cause & effect relationship. The intention is to be able to state that variable X causes variable Y. Ex. Does smoking cause cancer ? If simply wants a mere identification of the important factors associated with the problem. Ex. Are smoking and cancer related ? OR Are smoking, drinking, and chewing tobacco associated with cancer?. If so, which of these contributes most to the variance in the dependent variable ?
CAUSAL
CORRELATIONAL
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EXTENT of RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE

Researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effect of such manipulation on the dependent variable. Ex. Want to study the influence of lighting in workers performance, & hance manipulates the intensity of lighting in the work situation to varying degrees.
Is conducted in the natural environment of the organization, with the researcher interfering minimally. Ex. If wants to study the factors influencing training effectiveness (a correlational study), the individual simply has to develop a theoretical framework, collect the relevant data, & analyze
CAUSAL
CORRELATIONAL
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STUDY SETTING : CONTRIVED & NONCONTRIVED FIELD STUDIES Correlational studies done in organizations. Various factors are examined in the natural setting in which daily activities go on as normal with minimal researcher interference. Ex. Analyze the relationship between interest rate & bank deposit patterns of clients Cause & effect relationships are studied with some amount of researcher interference, but still in the natural setting where work continues in the normal fashion. Ex. Determine the cause & effect relationship between interest rate & the inclinations of clients to save & deposit money. Researcher explores cause & effect relationship exercising a high degree of control & also in artificially created setting. Ex. Create an artificial environment & trace the true cause & effect relationship between interest rates & savings.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS
LAB EXPERIMENTS
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UNIT of ANALYSIS :
Level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage. Data gathered from each individual & treating each employees response as an individual data source Ex. How many staff would be interested in attending a three day seminar. Two person groups will become the unit of analysis Ex. Mentor & the mentored pairs are identified, their joint perception about the benefit of mentoring can be obtained by treating each pair as one unit. Data gathered from all individuals comprising several groups, & individual in the groups treated as one unit. Ex. See the patterns of usage of the newly installed information system by the production, sales, HRD personnel.
INDIVIDUALS
DYADS
GROUPS
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EXTENT of RESEARCHER INTERFERENCE

Data are gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question. Ex. A drug company desirous of investing in research for a new obesity pill, conducted a survey among obese people to see how many of them would be interested in trying the new pill.
CROSSSECTIONAL STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
Study people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question. Ex. Researcher might want to study employees behaviour before & after a change in the top management to learn the effect of change.
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SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

TYPE of BUSINESS RESEARCH

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

Knowleadgeable about research helps manager to :

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

Characteristics of scientific research

Purposiveness Rigor Testability

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION The Building Blocks of Science

Refinement of Theory (pure research) or Implementation (applied research)

Constructs Concepts Operational Defenition

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

DEDUCTION is the process by which we

arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logically generalizing from a known fact

INDUCTION is a process where we

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

Seven steps involved in the hypothetico-deductive method of research :

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

OBSEVATION Broad area of research Interest identified

PROBLEM DEFENITION Research Problem Defineated

Variables Clearly Identified & Labeled

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN

PRELIMINARY DATA GATHERING Interviewing Literature Survey NO YES

DEDUCTION Hypotheses Substantiated ? Research Question Answered ?

REPORT WRITING METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY in HYPOTHETICODEDUCTIVE

Developing conceptual frame work Hypotheses

MAKES PRESENTATION SOLVING PROBLEM

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

BROAD PROBLEM AREA

THE SPECIFIC ISSUES NEED TO BE RESEARCHED :

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

Origin & history of the company

Size in terms of employees & assets

Background information of the organization

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

Managerial philosophy, company policies, & other structural aspects

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

Nature of the work Workflow interdependencies Superiors in the organization

Participation in decision making

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

A GOOD LITERATURE SURVEY ENSURES THAT :

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)

STEP IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE SURVEY :

THREE FORMS of DATABASES in REVIEW the LITERATURE :

METODE PENELITIAN & TEKNIK PENULISAN

RESEARCH PROCESS (Step 1-3)