Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Robert J. Sinko
Corrosion Experts!
An expert is someone who carries a briefcase and
A Little History
Corrosion has been here since the copper age.
18th century has Luigi Galvani and Allesandro Volta
dabbling in electrochemistry. A. Volta goes to make the 1st recorded battery or voltaic pile
Claims that current is generated only when the electrolyte and one of the metals was oxidized
Found that two metals are not required as
reaction proceeds with zinc and carbon. Initiated the use of zinc as a sacrificial anode for copper hulled British warships
outgrew the role in the 1830s he contributed by developing the theory of electrochemical action and coined the following words we use now. Electrode Electrolysis Ion Sir Davy tried to block Faradays election to the Royal Society There are countless more that have moiled in the service
Corrosion Basics/History
Man sees ore in lowest energy state
late 1800s.
Useful life!
Left out in the rain
Energy
Ore
Rusted away
Time
Corrosion Basics
Corrosion is electrochemical
Anode (Oxidizing losing electrons) Electrode Cathode (Reducing gaining electrons) Electrode Need Short circuit for electrons between terminals And need a medium for ion transport
Corrosion Basics
Usual Textbook Equations Chemical: Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + 2H Electrical: Zn Zn+2 + 2e- (anode) 2H+ + 2e2H (cathode) Note: hydrogen is atomic, not diatomic This can come back to get you Generally, the electrical part is not shown Oxygen reaction can be inserted as well
Note that atomic hydrogen forms on surface and becomes diatomic in solution. Hydrogen atoms can be absorbed into materials (Ti and carbon steel couple) Figure 2.6 Electrochemical reactions occurring during the corrosion of zinc in air-free hydrochloric acid.
Used by permission, NACE, Corrosion Basics An Introduction, NACE, 1984, pg 28.
Areas of reaction (anode to cathode) Oxygen Content (cathodic depolarizer) Temperature every 10C = 2 x corrosion rate Velocity effects moving species to & fro
Underdeposit
Dealloying Galvanic
Corrosion Fatigue
Cavitation Erosion
Cast iron (graphitization) Almost any alloy can have the problem Two Theories
One element is leached from solution Both elements corroded but more noble plates back.
SS Nozzle
CSTL Pipe
Weld metal
If your sink at home is a nice shiny chromium plated brass, do not pour your ammonia down this drain and let it sit overnight. It will stress corrosion crack!
Corrosion fatigue, cracks can be oriented the other direction depending on stress state of shaft.
Caused by formation of low pressure bubble Bubble is a vacuum Collapse of bubble slams the metal
heal
Look for comet tails! Water was flowing from right to left in copper water pipe.
Monitoring Corrosion
Visual examination for leaks Lab testing Field testing (Corrosion racks with coupons) Corrosion probes ER (electrical resistance) LPR (linear polarization resistance) New technology Metals analysis in process fluids
Coupons
All kinds of materials and shapes Metals Plastics Fiber reinforced plastics Ceramics Elastomers Glass Homemade or store bought coupons Welds Heat treatments
V = I*R
Honeywells SmartCET uses a sensor for background electrochemical noise to detect pitting along with LPR probe and a sophisticated computer program.
http://hpsweb.honeywell.com/NR/rdonlyres/8418C7B6EBB9-4948-8441C3803B06BA2E/44686/ChemEngJune07.pdf
Newer Technology
Surface features
Fluids in plastics
Corrosion products
Materials Selection
Basic Groups
Metals Plastics Ceramics Elastomers Coatings Linings
Balance of +s and -s
Corrosion Resistance Availability Mechanical Properties Cost Code Compliance Fabricability Repair options
equipment
Compatibility
Temperature limit Mechanical properties
Polyurethanes
EPDM Silicones
Availability
Supply Chain Identification
Viton
Kalrez or Chemraz
Specifications
CNA Fiber sheet gaskets (250F limit) Rubber sheet goods (250F to 350F limits) PTFE sheets and composites (350F limit) Expanded PTFE products (600F limit) Graphite gaskets (600F limit) Spiral wounds (rings, windings and fillers) Ring joints (for high T & P) Specialty materials (Thermiculite, Cogebi)
Corrosion Classes
Continuing Education
NACE has Basic Corrosion classes in Houston, TX.
www.nace.org is the homepage, direct link is,
http://web.nace.org/departments/education/Program.aspx?id=403af18b-
d51c-db11-953d-001438c08dca
Park OH.
www.asminternational.org is the hompage, direct link is,
http://asmcommunity.asminternational.org/portal/site/www/Education/C
ourseCalendar/
taken, for you are dirt and to dirt you shall return (Genesis 3:19)