Cancer and Ayurveda

AYURVEDA and CANCER
Dr. Rajesh Kotecha Vaidya M.D. (Ayurveda) Chakrapani Ayurveda, Jaipur drji@ayu.in
http://LearnAyurveda.com
Introduction

Cancer is one of the commonest cause of death not only in our country rather throughout the world. Scientists and clinicians are working in many countries to find out its etiopathogenesis and management. Though the incidence of cancer is more in developed countries but developing countries also do not lag behind. Most of the patients in developing countries attend the hospital at a later stage, when little help could be provided to them.
The present protocol of treatment like Radiotherapy and Multi chemotherapy are not available to many of them, because of costlier drugs.
Main disadvantage of these drugs or treatment is their cytotoxicity which not only destroys the cancer cells but also all other normal cells of the body. Many a time, the mortality becomes more due to these chemotherapeutic agents than to the disease itself. Aim of combination of therapies using surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal and immunotherapy is - to provide best possible palliation, relieving symptoms, slowing progress of the disease resulting into increase in survival period. But the treatment does not always cure or eradicate the disease.
Ayurveda covers all the aspects of treatment modalities that too by establishing an equilibrium within the body.

From phytotherapy to Anti-oxidants, Panchakarma therapies for purification of body, Considering treating mind also and From palliation to prevention of adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy,
WHO about cancer
WHO targeting to ease the global burden of cancer. Preventing cancer and raising quality of life for cancer patients are recurring themes . Theme of this year world cancer day is CANCER CAN BE PREVENTED TOO. It includes reducing exposure to four common risk factors. These are tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity & harmful use of alcohol. According to WHO achievements in prevention & control of cancer, this will have a major positive impact not only on international health but also on global development.
FACTS ABOUT CANCER

It is leading cause of death worldwide. lung cancer, stomach, liver, colon & breast cancer causes most cancer death each year. About 30% cancer death can be prevented. Prevention offers the most cost effective long term strategy.
Ayurveda and Cancer
Ayurvedic view of cancer
What WHO says today is already said in Ayurveda many years ago. The main aim of Ayurveda is prevention. Ayurvedic literature defines three body control system, viz. Vata, Pitta and Kapha. which mutually coordinates to perform the normal function of body. we can correlate benign neoplasm with one or two of the body systems out of control. and is not too harmful because body is still trying to coordinate these system. Malignant tumors are very harmful because all three major system lose mutual coordination and cause tissue damage. In Ayurveda cancer resemblance to Raktavaha, Rasavaha, Mansavaha, and Medovaha strotodushta vyadhis.
Possible correlation with modern terminology. Padminikantaka Pandu / shosha Medoja galaganda Apache Aagantuja stanaroga Rakta gulma Kachhapa Mamsatana
Keloid Leukemia Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin disease CA of breast Tumors of uterus CA of palate Tumor of pharynx
Role of Ayurveda in cancer prevention
Ayurveda can be helpful in management of cancer in many ways as preventive, palliative, prophylactic, curative and supportive treatment. cancer prevention is targeted towards creating balance and harmony through diet, lifestyle, herbs, meditation, pranayama, yoga and cleansing the body of its toxic load through an Ayurvedic specific procedures known as Panchakarma.
According to Ayurveda any disease will occurs due to Asatymeindriyarthra sanyog (no use, exploitation or wrong directional use of all sense organs) Praghyaparadha (wrong application of intelligentsia) Kala (age or time factor) To maintain healthy state one has to avoid these factors.
Management according to Ayurveda

The therapeutic approach of Ayurveda has been divided into four categories
Prakritisthapan chikitsa Preventive aspects Roganashani Chikitsa Cure of disease Rasayana chikitsa- Restoration of normal function Naishthiki chikitsa spiritual approach Ayurveda can be helpful in the management of cancer in many ways as prophylactic, palliative, curative and supportive and no doubt it helps to improve quality of life.
Ayurveda gives daily schedule (Dinacharya) which is helpful to become healthy. Aachyara Vagbhata says,
Ash.Ha.4/36
It includes following things,

wake up at Bramha muharta danthadhwan anjanavidhi abhyanga vyayama udavartana snana vidhi
Aaharvidhi cha.su.5/3 According to Ayurveda diet plays an important role in manifestation of diease.
cha.sutra.29/45
Again charka says that ,

cha.chikista1/2-3 So by following the rules of Aharvidhi we can avoid the occurrence of disease.
cha. sutra.5/13
Dont suppress Adharniya Vegas (natural urges)
cha.sutra.7/3-4 because it causes all diseases
cha.sutra.7
Ayurveda not only think about the body but also about mind, because mind has great impact on progression of disease. Adoption of ACHARA RASAYAN told in Ayurveda is helpful in mentaining state of mental health.
Cha.chi.1/4-30-35
Ritucharya
Ayurveda also gives description about seasonal regimen i.e. Ritucharya. Which is helpful for making dosha balancing & physiological optimization in all seasons.
ROLE OF PRANAYAMA & YOGA

It helps in mental & emotional purification. Healing begins with mind so meditation, pranayama, yoga all help to free the blocked mental energy & promote healing.
ROLE OF PANCHAKARMA IN PREVENTION OF CANCER
Panchakarma is considered as complete approach to the elimination of root cause of the disease by different deep cleansing methods. Imbalance of doshas can be pacified by Shamana therapies but deep rooted doshas can be completely eliminated by Shodhana procedures such as Panchakarma.
1.Vamana 2.Virechana 3.Basti 4.Nasya 5.Raktamokshan

Rasayana
The use of antioxidants during chemotherapy enhances therapy by reducing the generation of oxidative stress induced aldehydes. Natural drugs which are used as Rasayana have been proved earlier to have antioxidant activities. There are several evidences which shows effects of Rasayana plants on biomarkers in terms of apoptosis, cytroprotection, cell recovery, anti-neo-plastic activity and immune augmentation.
Ayurveda can be very useful in both ways i.e. Add years to life and Add life to years.
Hundreds of herbal and traditional compounds are being screened world wide to validate their use as anti cancerous drug. Some ayurvedic anti cancerous drugs are as follows
Tinospora cordifolia It enhances host immune system by increasing immunoglobulin and blood leucocyte by the stimulation of stem cell proliferation Piper longum Active alcolide extracted from this plant has antioxidative potency in both in vitro and in vivo condition Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Curcumin is said to inhibit tumour promoting enzymes and interfear with the growth of cancerous tumor as a powerful antioxidant it neutralizes free radicals that increase the risk of cancer.
Ashwagandha Chitraka Shireesh Shallaki Madhuyashti Pippali Tulsi Sadabahar Honey Goghrit Godugdha
Withania somnifera Immunomodulator Plumbago zeylanicum Anti-tumor Albizzia lebbeck Vishghna Boswellia serrata Vednasthapan Glycirrhizza glabra Daha-shamak Piper longum Radioprotective Ocimum sanctum Chemopreventive Vinca rosea Anti-cancer Mel depuratum Clarified butter Milk good source
Rasayana - Applications
As adjuvant or co-therapy along with chemotherapy or radiotherapy and post surgery care: To minimize the side effects of these therapies In reducing the therapeutic dose of various drugs used. Can be helpful in targeting the specific tissues as in some studies on nano-particles of gold. To slower the progress of cancer, when chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery is contraindicated due to many reasons and patients have no other choice With anti-tumor action with the help of herbal / herbo mineral compounds found to be effective in some studies. Cell protective activity of drugs prescribed in Rasayana therapy; to improve comfort and quality of life for individuals with cancer. http://LearnAyurveda.com
ANTITUMOR POTENTIAL OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS BY MODULATING
APOPTOSIS
Questions?
Role of apoptosis in cancer

Apoptotic activity of chemotherapy, radiation
and plant based bioactives.
Cytotoxic drugs from plants
Vinblastine, vincristine - Catharanthus roseus

(Apocynaceae) Etoposide, teniposide - Podophyllum peltatum, P.
Triphala inhibits both in vitro and in vivo xenograft growth of pancreatic tumor cells by inducing apoptosis - Yan Shi, Ravi P
Sahu and Sanjay K Srivastava
Triphala

Most commonly used Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation. Consisted of three equal parts of medicinal dried fruits Major ingredients shown to be gallic acid and ascorbic acid. Medicine is rich in natural antioxidants and is believed to promote immunity, health and longevity A great deal of research is being conducted in India to pursue an understanding of the underlying biochemical mechanisms associated with Triphala of which they are currently unknown Triphala significantly reduced benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach tumorigenesis in mice Suppress the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and protect against radiation oxidative-induced damage. Has been shown to provide enhanced cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines in vitro
The effects of Triphala on the survival of human pancreatic cells.

Capan-2 Cells: Human pancreatic cancer cells that express wild-type p53 PARP (poly-ADP-ribosepolymerase): mediates repair of single strand breaks of DNA via activation and recruitment of DNA repair enzymes
Triphala induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells with an IC50 of 50g/mL
Triphala causes DNA damage resulting in activation of p53 in Capan-2 cells
Triphala treatment for 24 h led to phosphorylation of H2A.X at Ser-139 suggesting the presence of DNA ds breaks. DNA damage leads to activation of p53 by ATM Kinase 1 h treatment showed sig. upregulation of p53 as well as downstream component p21. Cells treated with pifithrin- , a p53 inhibitor, showed inhibition of activation following treatment with TPL. Pifithrin- also blocked PARP cleavage in the presence of TPL.
Suggests TPL provokes an activation of p53 pathway
Activation of ERK by Triphala

ERK: Part of the MAPK pathway Elk: A downstream substrate of ERK MEK: An upstream regulator of ERK U0126: An inhibitor of MEK
Triphala-induced apoptosis is mediated by ERK. ERK may be an upstream regulator of p53 in this system.
Triphala-induced ROS generation triggers ERK activation and apoptosis in Capan-2 cells Treatment of Capan2 cells with 60 ug/ml showed increased ROS generation in h Treatment with antioxidant N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) inhibited activation of ERK. NAC inhibits induced cell apoptosis due to lack of histoneassociated DNA fragments in the presence of TPL.
Suggests Triphala mediated ROS is responsible for activation of ERK and/or p53 in induced cell apoptosis
The effect of Triphala is not cell specific
BxPC-3: Human pancreatic cancer cell line that express mutated p53. HPDE-6: Normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells
Treatment of BxPC-C cells with Triphala showed a reduced survival rate with an IC50 of 85g/mL. However Triphala failed to induce apoptosis in non-cancerous cells.
Triphala inhibits the growth of Capan-2 human pancreatic xenografts in vivo
Pancreatic tumor cells were implanted in nude mice through subcutaneous injection followed by oral uptake of Phosphate buffered saline(PBS) or TPL. Both TPL group showed significantly decreased tumor volume size TUNEL assay showed increased number of apoptotic cell bodies in TPL groups. Cleavaged PARP and caspase-3 components were shown in Western blot analysis of TPL treated groups.
TPL plays a role in activation of http://LearnAyurveda.com induced apoptosis of cancerous pancreatic xenografts
Summary and Conclusions for study on Triphala

Triphala treatment reduces the survival rate of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, but failed to cause cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells. Triphala induced apoptosis in Capan-2 cells was associated to the generation of reactive oxygen species. The generation of reactive oxygen species caused DNA damage resulting in the activation of ATM and ERK which lead to the stabilization of p53. By introducing U0126, MEK and therefore ERK was inhibited; and Pifithrin inhibited p53 activity in Capan-2 cell. U0126 treatment also blocked apoptosis in Triphala treated BxPC-3 cells as well. This suggested that ERK was a molecular target of Triphala in pancreatic cancer cells. Triphala caused reduced tumor growth in vivo. Mice with Capan-2 xenografts were treated with Triphala every 5 days orally. Increased apoptosis of these tumor cells in mice was observed, and was due to the activation of ERK and p53.
Other plants having apoptosis capacity

Paclitaxel, docetaxel - Taxus brevifolia (Taxaceae) Irinotecan, topotecan, 9-aminocampothecin, 9 - nitrocamptothecin. Camptotheca acuminate (Nyssaceae). Homoharringtonine - Harringtonia cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxaceae) 4-Ipomeanol - Ipomoeca batatas (Convolvulaceae) Elliptinium - Bleekeria vitensis (Apocynaceae)
Flavopiridol - Amoora rohituka; Dysoxylum binectariferum (Maliaceae). Camptothecin 8, Paclitaxil 9 and Taxol 10 and their apoptotic activity in cancer. Tylophora alkaloids induced apoptosis in K562 cells (Human erythroleukemic cell line) 11. Gingerol, oleoresin from rhizomes of Ginger induced apoptosis in cultured HL60 cells 12. Terminalia chebula - fruit 13..
Acutiaporberine, derivative from Thalicrum acutifolium induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cell-line 95-D. Curcumin induced in AK - 5 tumor cell lines (a rat histiocytoma), S180, HT-29, HL60, NIH 3T3 cell lines ; induced apoptosis in CA46 cells (human Burkitt`s lymphoma cell line). Liquorice root extract induced apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest in breast and prostate tumor cells. Amooranin, isolated from the stem bark of Indian tree (Amoora rohituka), induced apoptosis in human mammary carcinoma MCF-7, multidrug resistant breast carcinoma MCF-7/TH and breast epithelial MCF-10A cell lines.
Resveratrol (Res) derivatives, which were isolated from stem bark of Vatica rassak (Dipterocarpaceae), were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of human tumor cell lines. Vaticanol C (Vat C) induced a considerable cytotoxicity in all cell lines tested and exhibited growth suppression in colon cancer cell lines at low dose18: resveratrol induced apoptosis in HL60 human leukemia cell-line 30, T47D breast carcinoma cell lines 24.
Phyllanthus urinaria extract induced apoptosis in Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Aqueous fraction of Withania somnifera, induced apoptosis in mouse skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. Uncaria tomentosa has shown antiproliferative effects on human leukemic Cell-lines (HL60) and human EBV transformed B lymphoma cell line (Raji) by induction of apoptosis.
Crocus sativus (Saffron), Panax ginseng, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis showed their apoptotic inducting property in various experiments . Viscum album induced apoptosis in cultured human lymphocytes 24,27 Methanolic extract of Digitalis purpurea subsp heywoodii has been assessed for cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines, using the SRB assay. Morphological apoptosis evaluation of the Methanolic extract on the TK-10 cell line showed that its cytotoxicity was mediated by an apoptotic effect 28.
Pycnogenol, a mixture of flavonoid compounds extracted from the bark of pine trees selectively induced death in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) and not in normal human mammary MCF10 cells . Extracts from Solanum muricatum (CSG) inhibited tumor growth both in vivo and in vitro by inducing apoptosis in prostate (PC3, DU145), stomach (MKN45), liver (QGY-7721, SK-HEP-1), breast (MDA-MB-435), ovarian (OVCAR), colon (HT29) and lung (NCI-H209) cancer cells; NHP (prostate), HUVEC (umbilical vein endothelial cell), and WI-38 (lung diploid fibroblasts) normal cells .
Tanshinone II - A, isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE induced apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines (HL60 and K562) through the activation of caspase 3. Styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) is a pharmacologically active compound extracted from the plant Goniothalamus sp. of the Annonaceae family . SPD as a potent antiproliferative agent on MCF-7 cells by inducing apoptosis in a caspase7-dependent manner .
It has been estimated that only 5 -15% of the approximately 250 000 species of higher plants have been systematically investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds. Hence a lot of untapped potential is left in plants.
REFERENCES How apoptosis is regulated, and what goes wrong in cancer: Johanna Sjstrm and Jonas Bergh. BMJ 2001; 322:1538-1539 (23 June). What is apoptosis and why is it important: Andrew G Renehan, Catherine Booth and Christopher S Potten; BMJ 2001; 322:1536-1538 (23 June). Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wideranging implications in tissue kinetics, Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR: Br J Cancer 1972, 26:239 - 257. To die or not to die: An overview of apoptosis and its role in disease, Hetts SW: JAMA 1998, 279(4):300-307. Disruption of p53 function in immortalized human cells does not affect survival or apoptosis after Taxol or Vincristine treatment, Fan S, Cherney B, Reinhold W, Rucker K, OConnor PM: Clinical Cancer Research 1998, 4:10471054.
Apoptosis and the Dilemma of Cancer Chemotherapy, Hannun AY. Blood 1997, 89:1845-1853. Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery and Development in Brazil: Targeted Plant Collection as a Rational Strategy to Acquire Candidate Anti - Cancer Compounds Dennis .A. mans, Adriana B. Da rocha, Gilberto Schwartsmann. The Oncologist 2000; 5:185 198. Apoptotic response to Camptothecin and 7- ydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) in the human breast cancer cell lines of the NCI Anticancer Drug Screen: multifactorial relationships with topoisomerase I, Protein Kinase C, Bcl-2, p53, MDM-2 and caspase pathways: Nieves-Neira W, Pommier Y, Int J Cancer. 1999 Jul 30; 82(3):396-404. Paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines is associated with increased caspase-3 activity: Weigel TL et al:J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 Apr;119(4 Pt 1):795-803.
Taxol-induced apoptosis in human SKOV3 ovarian and MCF7 breast carcinoma cells is caspase-3 and caspase-9 independent. Ofir R, Seidman R, Rabinski T, Krup M, Yavelsky V, Weinstein Y, Wolfson M., Cell Death Differ. 2002 Jun; 9(6):636-42. Induction of apoptosis in a human erythroleukemic cell line K562 by Tylophora alkaloids involves release of Cytochrome c and activation of Caspase 3: Ganguly T, Khar A: Phytomedicine 2002 May; 9(4):288-95. Antitumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities: Young-Joon Surh; Food and Chemical Toxicology 40(2002), 1091-7. Inhibition of Cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz fruit: Journal of ethanopharmacology 81(3), 2002, 327-336. Apoptosis of human highly metastatic lung cancer-line 95-D induced by Acutiaporberine, a novel bisalkaloid from Thalicrum acutifolium: Planta medica 68(6), 2002, 550-553.
Curcumin mediated apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells involves the production of reactive oxygen intermediates: Bhaumik S et al, FEBS Lett 1999 Aug 6; 456(2):311-4. Novel polyphenol molecule isolated from Licorice root induces apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest and Bcl-2 phosphorylation in tumor cell lines: Rafi MM et al, J Agri Food Chem 2002 Feb 13; 50(4):677-84. Novel drug Amooranin induces apoptosis through caspase activity in human breast carcinoma cell lines: Rabi T, Ramachandran C, Fonseca HB, Nair RP, Alamo A, Melnick SJ, Escalon E. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003 Aug; 80(3):321-30. Antitumor effect of resveratrol oligomers against human cancer cell lines and the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by Vaticanol C: Ito T, Akao Y, Yi H, Ohguchi K, Matsumoto K, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y, Carcinogenesis. 2003 Sep; 24(9):1489-97. Epub 2003 Jul 04.
Phyllanthus urinaria triggers the apoptosis and Bcl-2 downregulation in Lewis lung carcinoma cells : Huang ST, Yang RC, Yang LJ, Lee PN, Pang JH, Life Sci. 2003 Feb 28;72(15):1705-16. Silymarin Suppresses TNF-Induced Activation of NF-B, c-Jun N- Terminal Kinase, and Apoptosis: Sunil K. Manna, Asok Mukhopadhyay, Nguyen T. Van and Bharat B. Aggarwal: The Journal of Immunology, 1999, 163: 6800-6809. Down regulation of p34cdc2 expression with aqueous fraction from Withania somnifera for a possible molecular mechanism of anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects: D Singh, C S Payal and K K Bhutani, Phytomedicine 8(6), 492-94. Modulation of programmed cell-death by medicinal plants: Urmila thatte, Seema bagadey and Sharadini dahanukar, Cellular and Molecular Biology 46(1), 199-214. Anticancer activities of Curcumin on human Burkitt`s lymphoma: Wu Y et al, Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2002 Jul: 24(4): 348-52.
An overview on anticancer activities of the Viscum album extract Isorel: Zarkovic N et al, Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2001 Feb 16:55-62. Anti-tumor activity of Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii: Lopez-Lazaro M et al; Planta Med. 2003 Aug; 69(8):701-4. Synthesis and biological evaluation of resveratrol and analogues as apoptosisinducing agents: Roberti M, et al; J Med Chem. 2003 Jul 31;46(16):3546-54.
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Cancer and Ayurveda

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AYURVEDA and CANCER

WHO about cancer

FACTS ABOUT CANCER

Ayurveda and Cancer

Ayurvedic view of cancer

Role of Ayurveda in cancer prevention

Management according to Ayurveda

It includes following things,

Again charka says that ,

Dont suppress Adharniya Vegas (natural urges)

cha.sutra.7/3-4 because it causes all diseases

ROLE OF PRANAYAMA & YOGA

ROLE OF PANCHAKARMA IN PREVENTION OF CANCER

1.Vamana 2.Virechana 3.Basti 4.Nasya 5.Raktamokshan

ANTITUMOR POTENTIAL OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS BY MODULATING

Role of apoptosis in cancer

and plant based bioactives.

Cytotoxic drugs from plants

Vinblastine, vincristine - Catharanthus roseus

The effects of Triphala on the survival of human pancreatic cells.

Triphala causes DNA damage resulting in activation of p53 in Capan-2 cells

Suggests TPL provokes an activation of p53 pathway

Activation of ERK by Triphala

The effect of Triphala is not cell specific

Triphala inhibits the growth of Capan-2 human pancreatic xenografts in vivo

Summary and Conclusions for study on Triphala

Other plants having apoptosis capacity

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