(a) Define i. heat capacity, C ii. Specific heat capacity, c (b) Calculate heat change in a i. Simple calorimeter ii.

Bomb calorimeter 8.2 CALORIMETRY

8.3 HESSS LAW

(a) State Hesss Law (b) Apply Hesss Law to calculate enthalpy change using; i. algebraic method ii. Energy cycle method

THERMOCHEMISTRY

8.1 CONCEPT OF ENTHALPY

(a) Explain endothermic & exothermic reactions using energy profile diagram (b) State standard conditions & define; i. Enthalpy ii. Standard enthalpy (c) Define enthalpy of i. formation ii. Combustion iii. Atomization iv. Neutralization v. hydration vi. Solution (dissolution) (d) Write thermochemical equation for each enthalpy

8.4 BORN-HABER CYCLE

(a) Define i. lattice energy ii. Electron affinity (b) Explain the following effect on the magnitude of lattice energy i. ionic charge ii. Ionic radii (c) Explain dissolution process of ionic solid (d) Construct Born-Haber cycle using energy cycle diagram (e) Calculate enthalpy changes using Born-Haber cycle

Endothermic
Thermochemical reaction

Exothermic

Type of Enthalpy
Formation Combustion Neutralization Atomization Hydration Solution (dissolution) Ionization energy Electron affinity

Born-Haber Cycle Thermochemistry Calorimetry q = mcT

Hesss Law
o Algebraic method o Energy Cycle

Lattice energy ionic charge, ionic radii

8.1 CONCEPT OF ENTHALPY

Exothermic reaction
Endothermic reaction

Reaction in which enthalpy of products less than enthalpy of reactants, H is negative and energy is released from the system to its surroundings.
Reaction in which enthalpy of products is more than enthalpy of reactants, H is positive and energy is absorb from the system to the surroundings.

Enthalpy
Enthalpy of reaction Enthalpy of Formation

The total value of energy of a system

Difference between enthalpy of products & enthalpy of reactants Heat change when 1 mole of compound is formed from its elements at their stable states at stated condition.

Enthalpy of Combustion
Enthalpy of Atomization

Heat released when 1 mole of compound is formed from its elements at stated condition.
The energy required to form 1 mole of gaseous atoms from the element under stated condition

Enthalpy of Neutralization
Enthalpy of Hydration

The heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the neutralization of acid & base under stated condition
Heat released when 1 mole of gaseous ion is hydrated in water under stated condition

Enthalpy of Solution (dissolution)

Heat change when 1 mole of substance dissolves in water to form a very dilute solution under stated condition.

Thermochemical equation - shows a balanced chemical equation, with phase and the corresponding H

Specific heat (c) of a substance amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius (Jg1C1)
Heat released by a reaction

8.2 CALORIMETRY

The heat capacity (C) amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of the substances by 1 degree Celsius (JC1)
Heat absorbed by surroundings

Surroundings may refer to the: i. Calorimeter itself or; ii. The water and calorimeter qreaction= mcT or CT = mwcwT + mcccT

Constant-Volume calorimetry Bomb calorimeter

Constant-pressure calorimetry Simple calorimeter

8.3 HESSS LAW

states that when reactants are converted to products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in the series of steps (enthalpy change depends only on the nature of the reactants & products & is independent of the route taken)
H6

A H1

B H4

H2

H3

H1 + H6= H2 + H3 + H4

The enthalpy changes can be calculated by (i) Algebraic method (ii) Energy cycle method

8.4 BORN-HABER CYCLE Lattice energy Electron affinity the heat change when 1 mole of solid (ionic compound) is formed from its constituent gaseous ions Energy change when 1 mole of electron is added to 1 mole of gaseous atom

The lattice energy becomes more negative as - the ionic charges increase - the ionic radii decrease
The dissolution process of ionic solid

MX (s )
Hlattice

Hsolution

+ M (aq )+ X

- (aq )

Hhyd

M+ (g ) + X

- (g )

According to Hesss Law, Hhyd = Hsolution + Hlattice Hsolution= Hhyd - Hlattice

Born Haber cycle The Born Haber cycle is often used to calculate the lattice energy of an ionic compound Useful for predicting the stability or existence of ionic compound. Example: formation of NaCl
Na+(g) + e + Cl(g) IE of Na Na(g) + Cl(g) EA of Cl

Na+(g) + Cl- (g)

HaCl +ve
Na(g) + Cl2(g) HaNa E=0 Na(s) + Cl2(g) Lattice energy

Hf NaCl -ve
NaCl (s)

From Hesss Law :

Hf NaCl = HaNa + HaCl +IENa + EACl + Lattice Energy