Waste Management Practices And Policy In India

From A Gender Perspective

Almitra H Patel Member, Supreme Court Committee for Solid Waste Management in Class 1 Cities in India

Women and Waste are inseparable Women generate most of the kitchen wastes and dispose of waste from homes. Women bear the brunt of waste-related illnesses * caring for sick family members helping children who miss school managing with less if wage-earners are sick
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Women benefit most from hygienic waste-management

Indias present waste-management policy evolved over six years, in the following steps: Sept 94 : The plague in Surat city. Oct 94 : First Clean India Campaign of Capt Velu by road to 30 cities in 30 days July 95 : Second Clean India Campaign to 60 more cities, all open-dumping Dec 96 : Filed PIL # WP 888/96 in Supreme Court of India against every State Jan 98: Court appoints 8-member Committee

Building Consensus
June98: Interim Report: 400 city mgrs feedback Mar 99: Final Report, approved by all States Sept 99: Draft MSW Rules from Ministry of Environment Sept 00: Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000
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Words to Remember
Clean Up and Flourish or Pile Up and Perish

A city is only as clean as its dirtiest areas

The best way to keep streets clean is not to dirty them in the first place. Aim for cities without street bins.
Handle waste once only
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Municipal Solid Waste Handling Guidelines

Source-separation of dry & wet waste Handle waste once only, in 4-6-bin carts Doorstep collection of wet waste, for Composting bio-degradables as first option Recyclables left to the informal sector Landfilling only compost rejects & inerts.

The Rules also

Direct cities to promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials and ensure community participation in waste segregation.
Recoverable resources are to be recycled via the existing informal sector.
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Third World Countries are resource-conserving and frugal.

We sell newspapers, bottles and tins to doorstep waste-buyers and re-use a lot, discarding little. We generate only 50-100 gms of nonbiodegradable waste per capita per day. Sadly, this small ecological footprint is seen as backward or under-developed.
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In India
In 35 cities of over 1-million population, dry waste levels are approaching Western levels of over 1kg per capita per day.

Waste-picking at street bins and dumps already supports 0.5% of large cities populations.
Women (and children) form percentage of the waste-pickers. a large
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Waste Separation at Source

Source-separation will make cleaner streams of dry waste available for recycling or re-use.
There will be less injuries to wastepickers. Health hazards will be reduced.
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Bio-Medical Hazards
In India we already have Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998 to keep such waste out of domestic waste.
Such rules must be promptly and scrupulously implemented.
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Some Best Practices

Calcutta: 80% house-to-house collection using regular Municipal staff and usual wheelbarrows

Many cities: Private groups are doing doorstep collection on payment

Everywhere: SLUMS are the most cooperative. 419 slums in Mumbai have Take-away-bin system
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Best Practices.
* Ahmedabad: 4 or 6-bin handcarts or tricycles to avoid double-handling of waste Nasik: Trucks move from one street-corner to another to have a city without street wastebins Surat: Pin-point beats include bins on raised platforms, near drainage manholes Mumbai: Only wet waste lifted from hi-rises
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Best Practices.
SEWA: Weekly doorstep collection of dry waste by waste-picker womens co-op, with public-info help by Bank Officers union Pune : Union of women waste-pickers collects for a fee both dry waste for recycling + wet waste into city bins or compost pits Bangalore : Citywide policy of dry-wet waste separation at source, collected at doorstep by city sweepers or waste-transport contractors
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Handling Special Wastes

Leaf litter: Compost it. Burning is banned. Garden Waste: On-site composting, or Charge Rs 20 per handcart to remove woody waste to slum or cremation ground

Street-food: Handcarts MUST have space for waste, and deposit it centrally at end of day.
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Involving mothers and teachers

Coorg: District cleanup by school-kids bringing their dry waste to school weekly for purchase by waste-buyers. Funds used classwise for Eco-Clubs. Calcutta: 500,000 bookmarks with years calendar and civic messages
Kids make pretty wall-bags for dry waste
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Handling Special Wastes

Hotel food waste: Non-veg to piggeries, or left-overs to night-shelters or orphanges Market waste: Stall-to-stall collection, hourly: Wet waste to cattle or goats, Dry waste separate collection daily. Commercial waste: Fees through trade associations Broken glass: Festival-collection boxes

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Decentralised Composting
>> Saves enormously on waste-transport costs
>> Reduces waste volumes for disposal by 90%

>> Saves on manures for park maintenance

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Who should do it?

All institutions like colleges, hostels, hotels, hospitals, clubs, marriage-halls, jails, zoos. Apartment-complexes, bungalows, Govt and city offices. * All city-owned parks and sites. Many individuals enjoy doing it voluntarily.
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Where it is done
In garden strips along apartment walls, on terraces or in flower-pots or window-boxes In local parks, traffic islands, road dividers * In conventional large street-bins

In sewage-farm premises
On temple lands or private farms

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How it is done
Biomethanation in factory canteens Vermi-culture (needs animal-husbandry care) Aerobic wind-rows or checker-brick bins Anaerobic heaps at transfer-sites With or without composting bio-cultures
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Simple Composting
Use 5% cowdung solution or a bio-culture as compost starter. Make into heaps or wind-rows at least 1.5 metres high. Turn every 5-7 days. Add water to keep moist. Prevent overheating and smoke. Compost will be ready in 4 to 6 weeks.
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AVOID WASTE TO ENERGY

Developing-country waste is very low calorie Cost is 6-8 times higher than for composting. Control of air-pollution is very expensive, and necessary but rarely well-maintained Fails if debris and road-dust are in the waste Works against interests of recycling industry and thousands of waste-dependent workers

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Composting Policy is required

Composting should be a legal requirement Compost marketing must be pro-active Cities must use their own composts for their parks, gardens and public buildings. No Sales Tax on soil bio-enricher products Investor-friendly policies like BOOT National Agriculture Policy to use compost
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Encourage Informal Recycling

Provide decentralised sorting-spaces Provide waste-pickers with ID cards
Collect non-recyclable rejects for landfilling Give recognition and facilities to recyclers Give power concessions for pollutioncontrol equipment Fill geographic gaps in recycling industries
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Thank you
Questions, comments and suggestions are very welcome.

almitrapatel@rediffmail.com