THE URINARY SYSTEM

Charlotte R. Espiritu RN. MAN

The Urinary System

The urinary system (also called excretory system or the genitourinary system) is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, the urethra, and the penis in males.

FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

EXCRETION kidney filters large amount of fluids

from the blood stream and then eliminate nitrogenous wastes, drugs, and toxins from the body. In addition, it can absorb needed substances and return them to the blood stream. Maintain blood volume and concentration regulate salts, water, urine produced, ions, sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and etc. pH regulation BLOOD PRESSURE due to enzyme rennin erythrocyte concentration kidney function as erythropoietin VIT. D PRODUCTION kidney converts Vit. D to its active form Calciferol

*URINE consists of metabolic waste urea, excess water, excess ions and toxic wastes that may have been consumed with food. It is stored in the urinary bladder, until it is excreted/expelled from the body through the urethra.

KIDNEY
ANATOMY:

paired organs that are reddish in color and resemble kidney bean in shape. - size of a closed fist or a large bar of soap - located just above the waist (retroperitoneal) - extend from the T12 to L3 vertebra. - kidney is lower than the (L) because of the large area occupied by the liver - Renal Hilus a notch near the center of the concave border of the kidney. This is where the ureter, blood vessels, nerve and lymph vessels leaves the kidney

External

3 layers of tissue surrounding the kidney

a. renal capsule innermost

layer, function as barrier against infection and trauma to the kidney, gives kidney a glistening appearance

b. adipose capsule 2nd layer on

top of the renal capsule, protects the kidney from blows.

c. renal fascia outermost

layer, anchors the kidney too the surrounding structure

 Internal:

Kidney outer part is called CORTEX and the internal part is called

MEDULLA

medulla consist of 8 18

striated triangular structures called renal pyramids cortex extends from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids cortical substances in between the renal pyramids is called renal columns

 NEPHRON - functional unit of

the kidney. They regulate the composition and volume of blood and form the urine. structure that surrounds the tip of each renal pyramid. There can be 8 18 minor calyces minor calyces joining together to collect urine

MINOR CALYX funnel shape

MAJOR CALYCES 2 or more

RENAL PELVIS joining together

of major calyces. Found in renal sinus. Narrows to form the ureters

Blood supply to the kidneys

Aorta

renal artery segmental arteries lobar arteries interlobar arteries arcuate arteries interlobar artery afferent arteriole GLOMERULUS (glomerular capillaries) efferent arteriole peritubular capillaries interlobar veins segmental veins renal vein inferior vena cava.

ANATOMY OF THE NEPHRON

NEPHRON functional unit of

kidney

microscopic renal tubule which function as a filter and responsible for forming. -has 2 parts: glomerulus and renal tubules.
Cortical nephrons- located within

the cortex

Juxtamedullary nephrons- situated

close to the cortex-medulla junction, and their loops of Henle dip deep into the medulla.

 BOWMANS CAPSULE

beginning of nephron usually a double walled globe located in the cortex of the kidney. - made up of highly modified octupus-like cells called PODOCYTES.

The glomerular or bowmans capsule

enhouses the GLOMERULUS.

 Proximal convoluted tubules first part of the renal tubule where bowmans capsule opens. Located in the cortex - reabsorption of important molecules and ions such as glucose, vitamins, sodium, amino acids, water, chloride, bicarbonate and potassium.
Loop of Henle U shape structure of the tube

Descending limb of Henle next part of

the tubule which narrow in diameter as it dips into the medulla of kidney. - reabsorption of water by osmosis

 ascending limb of henle tubes straighten and

increases in diameter and ascends towards the cortex of kidney - reabsorption of salt thru active transport. tubule again becomes convoluted and ends by merging into large straight collecting duct. - ammonia, hydrogen ions, uric acid are secreted from the blood vessel to dct tubule of several nephrons. - joins larger ducts, the larger collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a calyx.

distal convoluted tubule in the cortex, the

Collecting duct- straight tubule joined by the distal

The nephrons are associated with 2 capillaries: a. glomerular capillary / glomerulusspecialized for filtration, blood pressure is high which forces fluid and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capsule. b. Peritubular capillaries- has lower pressure, specialized in absorption. - they cling together in the length of renal tubules, they receive solutes and water from the tubule cells. - drain into the interlobar veins

Urine formation
Filtration- process by which blood that passes through the glomerulus is filtered

out.

- the rate at which the blood is filtered is known as the Glomerular Filtration Rate (normal GFR 125 ml/min = 180 L/day) - glomerular lining only allows small molecules to filter through, larger molecules such as Protein and blood cells cannot pass through the glomerulus. - Filtrate is then captured in the Bowmans capsule.

 Tubular reabsorption- is a process transporting substances out of the tubular fluid and back into the blood of the peritubular capillary. - reabsorption is done through active transport (NaCl, amino acids, glucose, bicarb, hydorgen ions etc.) and passive transport ( water) - Osmosis reabsorbs water in the distal convoluted tubules and also sodium by active transport. - About 95% of water reabsorbed back into the blood stream - nitrogenous waste are poorly reabsorbed so they are high in concentrations in urine.

 Tubular secretion- substance will move from the plasma in the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal

tubule

DCT will drain urine into the collecting tubules then to collecting ducts then flows to ducts of Bellini / papillary ducts then to the renal pelvis reaching the ureter to the bladder.

URINE
either eliminate or retain in the body to maintain homeostasis. It is about 95% of water with urea, uric acid, some amino acids and electrolytes. Daily production is between 0.6 and 2.5 liters per day depending on several factors Freshly voided urine is generally clear and pale to deep yellow. The normal yellow color is due to urochrome (a pigment that results from the bodys destruction of hemoglobin) Sterile and aromatic Urine pH is usually acidic (around 6) Specific gravity (determines how heavy or how dense urine is) usually ranges from 1.001 to 1.035
consists of water and solutes that the kidney

excessive fluids, use of diuretics or presence of chronic renal failure (a condition in which the kidney loses its ability to concentrate urine) **High urine specific gravity (concentrated) is due to inadequate fluid intake, fever and kidney inflammation called pyelonephritis

**Low urine specific gravity (diluted) is due to

Solutes normally found in the urine sodium

and potassium ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonates ions and various other ions. Substances not normally found in urine are glucose, blood proteins, red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells (pus), and bile.

 *oliguria abnormally low urine output,

between 100 and 400 ml/day. *anuria if less than 100 mol/day * low UO usually indicates that glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration, but anuria result from transfusion reaction and cute inflammation or crush injuries of the kidneys.

URETERS
-consists of 2 each one descending from

the kidney -extends about 25 to 30 cm (10-12 inches) down to the urinary bladder -principal function of the ureters is to transport urine from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder

URINARY BLADDER
symphysis when empty, it resembles a deflated balloon. It

assumes a spherical when slightly full of urine. As urine volume increases, it becomes pearshaped and ascends into the abdominal cavity. Has 3 openings 2 ureters and a single opening to the urethra that will drain the bladder Trigone smooth triangular region of the bladder outlined by these openings. Bladder infection tends to develop in these region. Micturition commonly referred to as urination or voiding Average capacity of the bladder is 700 to 800 ml

URETHRA
small thin-walled tune leading from the floor of

the urinary bladder to outside of the body. Transport urine by peristalsis. Female: lies directly posterior to the pubis symphysis and is located in the wall of the vagina in an anterior position just above the vaginal opening. Its length is about 1.5 inches. Its opening to the outside is called the urethral orifice and is located between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Male: urethra is 8 inches long, directly below the bladder, it passes vertically through the prostate gland. It then passes through the eurogenital diaphragm and enter the penis. It opens at the tip of the penis at the urethral orifice. Functions for reproductive s well as urinary.

Thank you!