Frequency Hopping: Coverage and Capacity Solutions

IIR Sept 1997 London 1
GSM Products Division

Maximising Capacity & Capacity Enhancement
Frequency Hopping
Coverage and Capacity Solutions
Dr Jun Xiang
Motorola UK
OUTLINE
Introduction to frequency hopping
Implementation of frequency hopping
Performance of frequency hopping
Conclusions
Introduction to Frequency Hopping
Frequency diversity
Interference diversity
The Need
Improving transmission quality
+Frequency diversity
Maximising network capacity
+Interference diversity
Impact on Network Quality
Multipath Fading
A result of scattering
environments
Unique in the mobile
environment
Leads to reduced
transmission quality
A challenge to mobile
communication systems
Impact on Network Quality
Frequency Selective Fading
Frequency
Time
Signal
f
1
f
2
f
3
Low correlation
High correlation
Close
frequencies
exhibit similar
fading
Frequency Separation for Quality
Coherence Bandwidth
Coherence bandwidth (Bc)
+Bc indicates the minimum frequency separation
+Correlation of the two received signals < 0.5
+Bc = 1/2to (o = delay spread)
GSM channel separation

Typical
o (s)
Bc
(KHz)
Minimum required
GSM channel separation
Rural
Urban 1 - 2
0.1 - 0.3
500 - 1600
80 - 160
3 - 8
1
Frequency Diversity
An approach to combat fading
F1
F2
Corrupted Bursts
F1
Non Hopping
Hopping
Spread corrupted bursts
Spread Corrupted Information
Interleaving and De-interleaving
Frame 1
@ F1
Frame 2
@F2
Frame 3
@F1
Frame 4
@F2
Frame 5
@F1
Frame 6
@F2
Frame 7
@F1
Frame 8
@F2
20ms coded speech
Tx
Multipath Fading Environment
20ms speech
coding
Rx
de-coding
20ms speech
Corrupted Bursts
Quality Measure - Frame Erasure Rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
Attenuation (dB)
FER
(%)
Hopping (44,52, 63, 73)
Hopping (44,63,73)
Hopping (44,73)
Non Hopping (49)
20ms speech
1 frame incoming signal
RxQual - raw BER
de-coding
FER
Urban environment
Slow mobiles
Spread of Signal Strength

Hopping
(Channel number
44, 52, 63, 73)
Non - hopping
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
0-2 4-6 8-10 12-14 16-18
RxLev
Summary
Quality Improvement
Frequency diversity
+Enhanced immunity to multipath fading
+Reduced spread of signal strength
Quality improvement: FER, voice quality,
dropped call rate and handover failure rate -
all improved
Capacity and Interference
There exist a number
of capacity solutions
But only Aggressive
Reuse (AGR) does not
require extra cell
sites, new features
and new handsets.
N
e
t
w
o
r
k

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

Network maturity
Tighter frequency reuse
6 carriers
7carriers
15 carriers
Assuming 24 carriers
Traffic
Growth
AGR
Interference in Fixed Networks
(Non-hopping)
Permanent interference
between interfering cells
The call quality is fixed
at either Good or Bad
Large separation
required to overcome
the interference
At the expense of
frequency reuse
f
1
f
1
Interference
Interference in Hopping Networks
Discontinuous Interference
+Effectiveness of channel
coding and interleaving
enhanced
Spreading interference -
interference diversity
+Call experiences better
average quality
AGR enabled
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
Frequency Hopping Performance
RxQual versus C/I
Urban environment
Slow mobile
Interferer in adjacent
cell
Downlink RxQual
performance
0
5
10
15
20
6 8 10 12 14 16
C/I dB
%

o
f

R
x
Q
u
a
l

6
&
7

1/3
Fixed
1/5
1/4
n/m - n carriers hop over m frequencies
Summary
Capacity Enhancement
FH produces the discontinuous interference &
interference diversity
+Increased effectiveness of coding and interleaving
+Increased average quality
AGR is possible with FH
Applications of FH
Coverage driven networks
Improve transmission quality
Capacity driven networks
Increase capacity
Maintain or improve transmission quality
Quality-Capacity Trade-off
For a given capacity FH improves the quality
For a given average quality FH increases
capacity by implementing AGR
Fixed Hopping Hopping Hopping
OR OR
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

Implementation of FH
Baseband hopping
Synthesiser hopping
Overview
In GSM, the frequency hopping is
implemented through
+Baseband hopping (BH)
divert a call to different transceiver on a frame basis
+Synthesiser hopping (SH)
Fix a call on a transceiver which re-tunes the frequency on
a frame basis
Baseband Hopping (BH)
Number of transceiver
units in place equals
number of hopping
frequencies in the
sequence
Each transceiver unit is
tuned to a fixed frequency
A call is routed to
different transceivers on a
frame basis
f
2
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
Call 1 Call 2
Narrowband
Combiners
Baseband Hopping (BH)
Hopping spectrum is limited by the number of
transceiver units
Combining loss is independent of number
transceiver units in place
+Tuned cavity combiners used
+BH introducing high EIRP
Synthesiser Hopping (SH)
Transceivers are tuned
to new frequencies on a
frame basis
Number of hopping
frequencies is not
limited by the number
of transceivers in place
A call is always routed
to a given transceiver
f
2
f
4
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
f
2
f
4
Call 1 Call 2
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
Broadband
Combiniers
Synthesiser Hopping (SH)
Hybrid combining is required for SH
+High carrier numbers reduces EIRP
Air combining is recommended to recover EIRP
Key Difference
(BH ~ SH)
Both can be used to improve quality or
increase capacity
BHs effectiveness is limited by the number of
transceivers equipped
SH can hop over a wide range of frequencies
and is independent of number of transceivers
equipped
Key Advantages - SH
SH is more effective to provide frequency
diversity and interference diversity
+Extending coverage area - frequency diversity
+Improving quality - frequency diversity
+Enabling aggressive reuse - interference diversity
Realising the potential benefits to operators,
the synthesiser frequency hopping capability
has been made available since the first
generation of Motorolas BTS equipment
Frequency Reuse with FH
3x3 Reuse Pattern
Base Band Hopping
1x3 Reuse Pattern - AGR
Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
Capacity Comparison
(Fixed ~ BH ~ SH)
Frequencies
Available
Configurations
Fixed BH SH
Traffic Offered (E/Km
2
)
Fixed BH SH
Capacity Gain
BH/Fixed SH/Fixed SH/BH
24

36

48
2/2/2

3/3/3

4/4/4
2/2/2

4/4/4

5/5/5
3/3/3

5/5/5

7/7/7
31.3

56.9

83.6
31.3

83.6

111.5
56.9

111.5

164.6
-

47%

33%
82%

96%

97%
82%

33%

48%
Reuse pattern
+Fixed: 4x3 for BCCHs and TCHs
+BH: 4x3 for BCCHs and 3x3 for TCHs
+SH: 4x3 for BCCHs and 1x3 for TCHs
Costs Comparison
(Fixed ~ BH ~ SH)
A new network to
serve 200K
subscribers
9.6 MHz spectrum
Grad of service 2%
25mE/subscriber
Comparative Aspects
BCCH reuse pattern
Frequencies required
Frequencies for TCH
TCH reuse pattern
Carriers/cell
Number of sites required
(3 cells)
Relative Investment (%)
Fixed BH SH
4x3 4x3 4x3
12 12 12
4x3 3x3 1x3
36 36 36
4 5 7
77 57 39
100 75 50
50% reduction in investment with SH
SH - Capacity Gain Without New Sites
Network Maturity
Traffic Growth
Number of frequencies/cell
Number of
transceivers
per cell
High quality
Frequency diversity
High Capacity
Interference Diversity
Cell Splitting
Microcellular
Picocellular
When Should SH Be Used?
SH can improve network performance at any
stage
In particular capacity expansion is possible
without
+adding new sites
+introducing dualband operation
+introducing half rate speech codec
Performance of FH
4 case studies
+Based on live network results
+Cover broad objectives - coverage, quality and
capacity
Coverage Driven Network
Case Study 1
The network
+Less populated and low traffic
+Large coverage area
Low signal strength
High co-channel interference
High terrain impact
Irregular sites
+Quality improvement and RF plan
become challenging issues
Case Study 1
Issue
+Quality - fading and co-channel interference
Fact
+Large number of free frequencies
Motorola Solution
+Synthesiser frequency hopping
Case Study 1
Approach
+Loose reuse plan for BCCH
+Very aggressive reuse for TCHs
taking advantages of low traffic and large number of free
frequencies
reuse all TCH frequencies every cell
Broad spread spectrum
Effectiveness of synthesiser frequency hopping
Case Study 1
Performance improvement
+5% increase in handover success rate
+7% increase in TCH assignment rate
+35% reduction in TCH RF loss rate
Quality Improvement
Case Study 2
The network
+A well planned fixed network in an
urban environment
+More than 60 frequencies
+Carrier configuration: 2-2-2 & 3-3-2
Quality Improvement
Case Study 2
Goal
+Reference - high standard fixed
network
+Can FH further improve the quality
performance?
Motorola Solution
Quality Improvement
Case Study 2
Hopping Configuration
+Pseudorandom & cyclic sequences
+Power control and DTX enabled
+Reuse options
1x3 reuse with 4 frequencies to hop over (1x3x4)
1x3 reuse with 8 frequencies to hop over (1x3x8)
1x3 reuse with 8 frequencies to hop over in a cyclic
sequence.
Quality Improvement
Case Study 2
%

R
F

L
o
s
s

F
i
x
e
d

1
x
3
x
4

P
s
e
u
d
o

1
x
3
x
8

P
s
e
u
d
o

1
x
3
x
8

c
y
c
l
i
c

0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Case Study 3
The network
+A highly populated dense urban environment
+High traffic demand
+Unable to add carriers to increase capacity in the
fixed network
+26 sites and 31 frequencies
Case Study 3
Requirement - capacity increase
without adding new sites
Motorola solutions
+AGR
Case Study 3
Hopping configuration
+Reuse
4x3 BCCH
1x3 TCH
+Carrier configurations
3/3/3 (1 cell with 4 carriers)
2 carriers/5 frequencies
Case Study 3
Other techniques utilised
+Uplink and downlink power control enabled
+Uplink and downlink DTX enabled
+Interference based handover optimised
Quality Impact
Capacity Enhancement - Case Study 3
B
S
C

2

F
i
x
e
d

B
S
C

2

H
o
p
p
i
n
g

B
S
C

1

F
i
x
e
d

B
S
C

1

H
o
p
p
i
n
g

B
S
C

3

F
i
x
e
d

B
S
C

3

H
o
p
p
i
n
g

0%
0.5%
1%
1.5%
TCH RF Loss
Quality Impact
95.0%
95.4%
95.8%
96.2%
96.6%
HO Success Rate
B
S
C

2

F
i
x
e
d

B
S
C

2

H
o
p
p
i
n
g

B
S
C

1

F
i
x
e
d

B
S
C

1

H
o
p
p
i
n
g

B
S
C

3

F
i
x
e
d

B
S
C

3

H
o
p
p
i
n
g

Summary
Capacity gain
+Fixed Network: 2-2-2
+Hopping Network: 3-3-3
+Capacity gain: 82%
No quality degradation
Case Study 4
The Network
+Urban environment with high traffic
+37 sites and 48 frequencies
+Carrier configuration of the fixed network: 4-4-4
Case Study 4
Operators requirement
+capacity expansion without new sites
+quality improvement
Motorola solutions
+Tighter frequency reuse
+Baseband hopping
Case Study 4
Frequency Hopping Configuration
+Reuse
4x3 BCCH
3x3 TCHs
+Carrier configuration
5-5-5
Case Study 4
Performance enhancement
+2% reduction in drop calls due to handover
failure
+5% reduction in drop calls on traffic channels
Capacity enhancement
+Expanded from 4 carriers/cell to 5 carriers/cell
+35% capacity gain
Summary of Case Studies
Motorola has extensively used the SH to
address coverage, quality and capacity issues
SH can be utilised as a tool to optimise
network performance
SH has a significant role to play in managing
the network growth
Conclusions
Frequency hopping is a powerful technique to
improve transmission quality and enhance
capacity
Synthesiser frequency hopping is a cost
effective and flexible means to maximising
capacity using AGR
Motorolas wide scale deployment of
frequency hopping networks validated the
effectiveness of the frequency hopping

Frequency Hopping: Coverage and Capacity Solutions

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Frequency Hopping: Coverage and Capacity Solutions

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

IIR Sept 1997 London 1

GSM Products Division

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen