Fundamentals of Digital Electronics - Number Systems

Chapter 13

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Chapter Objectives
Explain the concept of Number Systems

Explain different types of number systems

Explain BCD, ASCII, UNICODE systems

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Recall
Power Supply is a system that converts high voltage

AC to desired DC voltage. DC power supply in which the output voltage is maintained at a constant level is called as a regulated DC power supply In Unregulated Power supply, the output voltage may vary with the input voltage and the load current. Power supplies are classified in to linear power supplies and Switched mode power supplies.

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Number System
Number system can be defined as the method or

format which is used for denoting a numerical value

We are all familiar with the number system in which an

ordered set of ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 which are known as digits are used to specify any number. The number system is called Decimal Number System.

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Positional Notation
For example decimal numbering system uses the

base or radix as 10 whereas hexadecimal system uses 16 as base Example,

1234 = 1 (103) + 2 (102) + 3(101) +4(100) In this example, the base or radix used is 10

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Weights
In a number system weight denotes the positional

value of each digit in the number

For example, suppose to denote the number 3125 we

can also write it as:

(3 * 1000) + (1 * 100) + (2 * 10) + (5 * 1)

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Types of number system

There are various types of number system which as

follows:

Decimal Number System Binary Number System Octal Number System Hexadecimal Number System

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Question for GD Time Limit-2min

What are the different types of Number

System?

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Decimal Number System

Decimal system consists of 10 digits starting from 0

to 9. This number system has ten as its base

Now consider the example 246.45, this value is

formed by adding each digit which are multiplied by the base in the power of digit position. It is represented as follows

2 * 102 + 4 * 101 + 6 * 100 . 4 * 10-1 + 5 *10-2

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Hands on
Convert decimal number to binary decimal.

1. (156)10= (?)2 2. (145)10= (?)2

Note:- Faculty to give at least 5 more examples

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Binary Number System - I

It is the simplest form of number system. It consists of

only two digits in base which are 0 and 1 or on and off respectively
They are used as the numbering system for

computers. A binary number can be easily represented by using a series of switches

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Binary Number System - II

Each single digit in the binary system is called as a

bit. When four bits are combined together a nibble is formed

Eight bits or two nibbles are combined to form a byte.

Sixteen bits or two bytes combine to form a word and similarly thirty two bits or two words are called as a double word

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Binary Number System - III

The following is the diagrammatic representation of

binary number system:

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Hands on
Convert Binary to Decimal
1. (1011)2= (?)10 2. (110)2= (?)10

Note:- Faculty to give at least 5 more examples

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Octal Number System

It is one of the most commonly used number system

in computers. It is used in programming because of its similarity to binary number system

A single octal digit is equal to three binary digits.

Octal Number System uses the base as 8

For Example convert (23)8 to decimal equivalent

(23)8 = 2(81) + 3(80) = 19

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Question for GD Time Limit 2mins

What is the difference between nibble and

word?

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Hands on
Convert Octal to Binary

1.(65)8=(?)2 2.(23)8=(?)2
Convert Binary to Octal

1.(1110)2=()8 2.(1011)2=()8 Note:- Faculty to give at least 5 more examples

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Hexadecimal Number System

This number system is used for larger numbers.

Hexadecimal number system uses the base as 16

In hexadecimal number system the number 0 to 9 are

denoted normally then the numbers 10 to 15 are denoted by alphabets A through F respectively

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Hands on
Convert Hexdecimal number to Decimal

number 1.(AD)16=(?)10 2.(BC4)16=(?)10

Note:-Faculty to give at least 5 more examples

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Question for GD Time Limit-2min

What is the base of octal and hexadecimal

number?

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BCD Code - I
BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. It combines

some of the characteristics of both the binary and decimal systems

The BCD code represents the decimal digits 0

through 9 with a four bit binary code

The BCD code uses the standard 8421 position

weighing system of the pure Binary code

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BCD Code - II
For example, the number 834 in BCD would be 1000

0011 0100. Each Decimal digit is represented by its equivalent 8421 four-bit code. A space is left between each four-bit group in order to avoid confusing the BCD format with the pure Binary code.
BCD code helps in accelerating decimal calculations

and quickly converting binary sequence to decimal digits for printing.

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Hands on
Convert Decimal to BCD

1.(99)10=(?)bcd 2.(76)10=(?)bcd

Note:- Faculty to give at least 5 more examples

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ASCII Code - I
The American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII) code is a special form of BCD code that is widely used in digital computers and data communications equipment.
It is a 7-bit binary code that is used in transferring

data between computers and their external peripheral devices and in communicating data by radio and telephone lines.

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ASCII Code - II
The ASCII code is used to represent the 26 upper

case letters (A to Z), 26 lowercase letters (a to z), 10 numbers (0 to 9), 33 special characters and symbols and 33 control characters
They are considered as a standard code for denoting

character as binary numbers which is used in computer terminals, printers and microcomputers
If a file is saved in ASCII format it can be easily used

by another application

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E-ASCII Code
E-ASCII stands for Extended ASCII It is of 8-bits

E-ASCII is very small program which display all the

character between ASCII 0 and 255 with their character representation.

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UNICODE
It provides a unique number for each and every

character for every program, language and platform we use

Unicode is applied by companies like Apple, HP,

IBM, SAP and many others

It is also required by modern standards like XML and

JavaScript

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Question for GD

Time Limit 2 mins

What is the difference between ASCII and

EASCII

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Summary - I
The base of decimal number system is 10 The most commonly used number systems are

decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal

Decimal is the most used number system
Binary number system uses the base as 2 A single octal digit is equal to three binary digits

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Summary - II
In an octal number system only digits from 0 to 7 are

used
Hexadecimal is a complex number system using

base 16
BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for

Information Interchange
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Summary - III
E-ASCII stands for Extended American Standard

code for Information Interchange.

Unicode provides unique number for every character.

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Mind Map
Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter

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