ABCDE 8 October 2012

Austria
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes Collective agreements? Yes, at all levels (covering 80% of working population) Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 47% Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes (in companies employing 5+ people) Unions have right to strike? Yes, in practice (but not by law). Little strike activity State mediation on disputes? Special arbitration court for social affairs

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 15 Statutory minimum wage? No rates set through

collective agreement. Standard workweek: 40 hours (50% of employees work 38-38.5 hours/wk). Minimum annual holiday entitlement: 25 days (30 after 25 yrs service) + public holidays.

Belarus
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes but not in practice. Collective agreements? Not freely concluded or effectively enforced. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 80 90% (independent unions strongly discouraged). Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Not in practice. Unions have right to strike? Not in practice. Heavy restrictions on public gatherings.

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 16 (but 14 with parental

consent). Statutory minimum wage? Yes, but very low. Standard workweek: 40 hours (but many workers on short-time).

Belgium
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes (constitution) no registration required. Collective agreements? Multilevel within private sector framework. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 60% Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes but employers may pay an indemnity instead of offering reinstatement. Unions have right to strike? Yes (except merchant marine, police and magistrates). State mediation on disputes? Civil courts often used to end strikes.

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 18 (15-18 year olds may carry

out PT work). Statutory minimum wage? Yes. Standard workweek: 38 hours. Minimum annual holiday entitlement: 20 days + public holidays.

Bulgaria
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes. Collective agreements? Yes, but weakly adhered to. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 18% (est). Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes, but may only be resolved through courts which are very slow. Unions have right to strike? Yes (but only when all other forms of dispute resolution have broken down) Strikes banned in key public sector bodies.

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 16 (18 for dangerous work). Statutory minimum wage? Yes, but very low. Standard workweek: 40 hours.

Croatia
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes Collective agreements? Yes, employers have a duty to bargain in good faith. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 50% Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes, but high proportion of workers on fixedterm contracts limits union power. Unions have right to strike? Yes. State mediation on disputes? Mediation required before strike activity over new contracts.

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 15 (18 for overtime, heavy

work and night shifts). Statutory minimum wage? No, but lowest wage effectively set by government. Standard workweek: 40 hours (maximum of 10 hours overtime/week). Minimum annual holiday entitlement: 18 working days (miners 24 working days) + public holidays.

Cyprus
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by

law/constitution? Yes (except police and military). Collective agreements? Yes, but not legally enforceable and limited in the northern zone. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 2% in private sector, 60% in semi-public sector. Legal protection from discrimination against union members? No. Unions have right to strike? Yes (but replacement workers may be hired).

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 16 (15 for apprentices). Statutory minimum wage? Yes, in occupations not

covered by collective bargaining and all workers in north of island. Standard workweek: 38 hours in winter and 36 hours in summer.

Czech Republic
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by law/constitution? Yes. Collective agreements? Yes, mainly company agreements. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 14-15% Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes. Unions have right to strike? Yes, (except certain public employees) but only after mediation.

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 15 (14 in some cases). Statutory minimum wage? Yes. Standard workweek: 40 hours (overtime limited to 8

hours per week). Minimum annual holiday entitlement:4 weeks (5 weeks for arduous or dangerous occupations) + public holidays

Denmark
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by law/constitution? Yes, including military and police. Collective agreements? Yes central to economic life (covers 85% of workers). Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 75% Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes Unions have right to strike? Yes (except essential services and civil servants) State mediation on disputes? Yes extensive conciliation and mediation system.

Legal employment framework Minimum working age: 15 (13 part-time). Statutory minimum wage? No subject to collective agreements. Standard workweek: 37 hours (general level in collective agreements). Minimum annual holiday entitlement: Five weeks (Danish Holiday Act) + public holidays.

Estonia
Industrial relations climate Freedom of association guaranteed by law/constitution? Yes. Collective agreements? Yes, but only covers 15% of workforce. Proportion of workforce in trade unions: 10% Legal protection from discrimination against union members? Yes (Labour Code). Unions have right to strike? Yes (but not public servants). State mediation on disputes? Yes.

 Legal employment framework

Minimum working age: 18, but between 15 and 17

with parental consent for normal daywork. Statutory minimum wage? Yes but low. Standard workweek: 40 hours.

to be continued.
1 muka surat satu kumpulan. 2 perenggan. Arial 11.

langkau 1.5 Aspirasi dan berdasarkan gambar yg diberi.