1.5 Analysing Scientific Investigations

Chapter 1 Introduction To Physics
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

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Learning Outcomes
Identify variables in a given situation Identify a question suitable for scientific investigation Form a hypothesis Design & carry out a simple experiment to test the hypothesis Record & present data in a suitable form Interpret data to draw a conclusion Write report of the investigation
Steps In A Scientific Investigation

1. Making observations 2. Drawing inferences 3. Identifying and controlling
variables 4. Formulating a hypothesis 5. Conducting experiments

1. Making observations
Making observations and gathering all available information about the object or phenomenon to be studied. Observations are made using the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
2. Drawing inferences
An inference is a conclusion that you draw from an observation or event using information that you already have on it.
3. Variables
Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in a scientific investigation.
3 types of variable: 1. Manipulated Variables (MV) 2. Responding Variables (RV) 3. Constant/Fixed Variables
Manipulated Variables
Manipulated variables are physical quantities which you control and change for the purpose of investigating the results of an experiment.
Responding Variables
Responding variables are physical quantities which are the result of the changes made to the manipulated variables. Affected by the manipulated variable & is measured experimentally
Constant/Fixed Variables
Constant variables are physical quantities which are kept constant during the experiment. Does not change in the experiment
4. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a statement of relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable we would expect in the phenomenon under investigation. Can either be true or false must be tested to verify its validity The test is in the form of experiments.
Conducting Experiments
Experiments must be planned and conducted to test a hypothesis. The conducting of an experiment includes the compilation and interpretation of data until a conclusion can be made regarding the validity of the hypothesis.
Result
Tabulate data Systematic Data Table
Systematic Data Table

t t t
Systematic Data Table

Name,Symbol/unit
RV
MV
Secondary data
Consistent no. of d.p.

Rules No. 1
The row at the top of the table must contain the name of the a) variable b) symbol c) unit of measurement.
Rules No. 2
Manipulated variables are filled in the
first column. The values are fixed at uniform intervals such as 10 cm, 20cm, 30 cm, and soon. The values must also be in ascending or descending order. *Avoid recording readings haphazardly
Rules No. 3
Responding variables are filled in the second column. The values are obtained from measurements made during the experiment. Normally; this column is divided into several columns when repeated measurements of the responding variable are taken. The average value is calculated and used in the calculations.
Rules No. 4
All numerical values must be stated to the same number of decimal places. Values derived from measured values can be expressed to the same number or to an additional number of decimal places.
Rules No. 5
The third and subsequent columns normally show values that are derived from the responding variable. These values are used in drawing the graph.
Graph
Graph T against L
Period, T/s Scale T-axis: L-axis: 1 cm :0.1 s 1 cm : 5 cm
Length, L/cm
(a)
(b)
Point A is balanced by point B, if the perpendicular distances AX = BY

The graph is not a line of best fit although it passes through all the points except one. The graph is drawn giving equal emphasis to five points only, leaving the last point isolated from all the other points.
The graph is a line of best fit it gives equal emphasis to all the points which are evenly spaced out around the line.
The graph is not a curve of best fit the points are not equally spaced out around the curve. The number of points above the curve is not equal to the number of points below the curve.
The graph is a curve of best fit all the points are equally spaced out around the curve.
Analysing Graphs
The relationship between two variables in a linear graph can be written as: y = mx + c where y = responding variable x = manipulated variable m = gradient of graph c = intercept on the y-axis The constants m and c can be determined by analyzing the graph drawn.
Gradient of the graph

The gradient of the graph, m is defined as the ratio of the change in the value y on the y-axis to a change in value x on the x-axis. The gradient shows the magnitude of the change in the responding variable to a unit change in the manipulated variable.
4 setia until here 28/1
Determination of the gradient of a curve
Extrapolating a graph Intrapolating
Question No. 1(d): Type of Graph
5 type of graphs: 1.Directly Proportional 2.Inversely Proportional 3.Increase Linearly 4.Decrease Linearly 5.Increase, Increase
RV is Directly Proportional to MV RV
0
MV
RV is Inversely Proportional to MV
RV
0
MV
RV Increases Linearly to MV
RV
0
MV
RV Decreases Linearly to MV
RV
0
MV
RV Increases as MV Increases
RV
RV
or
MV
MV

1.5 Analysing Scientific Investigations

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Chapter 1 Introduction To Physics

1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

Steps In A Scientific Investigation

variables 4. Formulating a hypothesis 5. Conducting experiments

Tabulate data Systematic Data Table

Systematic Data Table

Systematic Data Table

Consistent no. of d.p.

Point A is balanced by point B, if the perpendicular distances AX = BY

Gradient of the graph

4 setia until here 28/1

Determination of the gradient of a curve

Extrapolating a graph Intrapolating

Question No. 1(d): Type of Graph

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