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Introduction Principle Various System Advantage
Introduction
Eighty percentage of total electricity produced in the world is hydal , while the remaining 20% is produced from nuclear, thermal, solar, geothermal energy and from Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) Generator MHD Power generation is a new system of electric power generation which is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution. In advanced countries MHD generators are widely used but in developing countries like india it is still under construction .This construction work is in progress in trichy at tamilnadu under joint effort of BARC,BHE and ACC and Russian technologists
As its name implies MHD is concerned with flow of conducting fluid in the presence of magnetic and electric field. The fluid may be gas at elevated temperature or liquid An MHD generator is a device for converting heat energy of fuel directly into electrical energy without conventional electric generator
In this system an MHD converter system is a heat engine , in which heat taken up at higher temperature is partially converted to useful work and the remainder is rejected at a temperature like all heat engine Thermal efficiency of MHD can be increased by by supplying heat at highest practical temperature and rejecting it at lowest practical temperature
The principle can be explained as follows, an electric conductor moving through magnetic field experience a retarding force as well as an induced electric field and current
this effect is a result of Faradays law of electromagnetic induction The induced emf is given by E=U x B The induced current is given by J= Electric conductivity x E The retarding force on the conductor is Lorentz force is given by F= J x B
When a fluid is used for energy conversion it is called MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC energy conversion If the flow direction is right angles to the magnetic field an electromotive force or electric voltage is induced in the direction at right angles to both flow and field directions
An ionized gas is used as conducting fluid. The ionization is produced by thermal means ie by elevated temperature or by seeding with a substance like ceisium or pottasiam vapours which ionize at relatively lower temperature The atoms of seed element split off electrons. The presence of negatively charged
MHD system can be broadly classified 1)Open cycle system -Flue gas is released to the atmosphere 2)Closed cycle system - Working fluid is circulated in the system
The working fluid is accelerated to almost supersonic speeds in divergent portion of the duct. The magnetic field coils are placed in such a way that magnetic field is in direction perpendicular to the field In Closed Cycle System working fluid is circulated again
Advantages
The conversion efficiency of a MHD system can be around 50%. Large amount of power is generated. It has no moving parts, so more reliable The closed cycle system produces power free of pollution. It has the ability to reach the full power level as soon as started.
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The size of plant (m2/kw) is considerably smaller than conventional fossil plants. Although the cost cannot be predicted accurately, yet it has been reported that capital cost of MHD plant s will be competitive with those of conventional steam plant. It has been estimated that overall operational cost in MHD plant would be about 20% less than conventional
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Direct conversion of heat into electricity permits to eliminate the gas turbine ( compared with gas turbine power plant) or both boiler and turbine (compared with steam power plant) . This elimination reduces loss of energy.
Wave Energy
Introduction
Waves are created by gravitational action of sun and the moon and interaction of wind with surface of the sea It is a renewable energy source Wave energy can be extracted and converted into electrical energy by wave power machines. They can be deployed either on the shoreline or deeper water offshore
Introduction
Wave energy fluxes against coasts may vary from a few watts to kilowatts per meter. In favourable locations, wave energy density can average 65 megawatts per mile of coastline. The total power of waves breaking on the worlds coastline is estimated to about 2 to 3 million megawatts.
Introduction
Wave motion consist of both vertical and horizontal movement of water. They are smallest in summer and greatest in winter
APPROACHES TO CAPTURE
WAVE
ENERGY
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These shoreline devices rely on shore mounted structure to channel and concentrate the waves , driving them to an elevated reservoir . Water flow out of this reservoir is used to generate electricity, using standard hydropower technology.
Advantages
It produces no green house gases or other waste It need no fuel It produces electricity reliably It is free and renewable energy sources These devices are relatively pollution free
Disadvantages
The energy is available in ocean. Therefore extraction equipment must operate in a marine environment which will have to be taken into account during its construction , lifetime and reliability should be considered since energy may have to be transported through great distance
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Wave energy conversion devices that have been proposed are relatively complex. Economic factors such as capital investment, cost of maintenance, repair and replacement as well as problems of biological growth of marine organisms which seem to be very large are all relatively unknown.
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Wave energy converters must be capable of withstanding very severe peak stresses in storm.
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