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AUTOMATIC ULTRASONIC COURSE

ISSUED BY : GANZORY

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Introduction

This course to be familiar with the different scanning techniques of AUT To be familiar with different AUT systems To analysis the different defects

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AUT COURSE

Introduction to manual ultrasonic Introduction to scanning models Time of flight diffraction Phased array Combined techniques Interpretation of defects Modern AUT technique

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Introduction to manual ultrasonic


Why use ultrasonic for nondestructive material testing?

Ultrasonic frequency ( 0.5MHZ TO 25MHZ ) Both radiography and ultrasonic tests are the most frequently for test internal flaws Ultrasonic can discover volumetric defect Planner defects can easily discover more than radiography
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2. Ultrasonic testing tasks

Detection of reflectors
Location of reflectors Evaluation of reflectors Diagnosis of reflectors (reflector type, orientation, etc.)
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3. Detection of discontinuities

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Detection of discontinuities

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Detection of discontinuities

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Detection of discontinuities

Angle reflection effect

Fig. 10a Tandem testing: upper zone F

Fig. 10c Tandem testing: lower zone F Fig. 10b Tandem testing: center zone
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4. Method of testing and instrument technology

Fig. 12 The principle of time of flight measurement


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Fig. 13 Block diagram: Pulse Echo Method


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Fig. 16a Initial pulse = Start

Fig. 16b after 10 ms

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Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale graduation

Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale graduation

Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th scale graduation

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Fig. 19a Straight-beam probe: initial pulse delay


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Fig. 19b Angle-beam probe: initial pulse delay


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Fig. 20 Test object with discontinuity, display with flaw echo

Fig. 21a Discontinuity in front of the backwall

Fig. 21b Discontinuity near the surface

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Fig. 22 A non-detectable near-to-surface discontinuity


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Fig. 23 Shadowing of the back-wall echo by a larger near-to-surface reflector

Fig. 24 Echo sequence of a near-to-surface discontinuity


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Fig. 25 Dead zone: display, test object


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Fig. 27 Longitudinal wave

Fig. 29 Transverse wave

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4.4 Refraction and mode conversion a = angle of incidence b = angle of refraction c 1 = sound velocity in medium 1 c 2 = sound velocity in medium 2

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Fig. 30a Refraction and reflection without transverse waves

Fig. 30b Refraction and reflection with transverse waves

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Fig. 32a Refraction: 1st critical angle


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Fig. 32b Refraction: transverse wave under 45


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Fig. 32c Refraction: 2nd critical angle, 1/5/2013 surface wave

Fig. 32d Total reflection

Fig. 33 Usable range for angle-beam 20 probes in steel

Fig. 36 TR probe on the test object: CRT with backwall 1/5/2013 echo

Fig. 37 TR probe on the test object: discontinuity echo in the cross-talk echo

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Thickness measurement

s = sound path [mm] c = sound velocity [km/s] t = transit time [ms]

Fig. 38 Wall thickness measurement with a digital thickness gauge in practice

1st Echo = t, 2nd Echo = 2t, 3rd Echo = 3t, etc.


Fig. 39 USK 7: Backwall echo sequence with a straight-beam probe
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Thickness measurements
Echo-No i 1 2 Sound path si [mm] 25 50 Scale factor k [mm/scale grad.] 10 10 Skalen-position Ti [scale grad.] 2.5 5.0

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Fig. 40 Calibration range: 0-10mm

si = sound path of umpteenth echoes Ti = scale position of the umpteenth echo k= scale factor
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5.1.3 Calibration with an angle-beam probe

Fig. 48 Different probe angels at V1 block

Fig. 47a WB 60-2E on Calibration Block 1

Fig. 49a Sound path in the V1 block without angle reflection

Fig. 47b MWB 45-4E on Calibration Block 2 1/5/2013

Fig. 49b Sound path in the V1 block with 24 angle reflection.

Fig. 50 Range: 250 mm with a WB 60-2 on V1 block

Fig. 51a Path of a sound wave in a V2 block, radius 50 mm

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Fig. 51b Path of a sound wave in a V2 block, radius 25 mm

Fig. 52 Range: 100 mm calibrated on V2, radius 25 mm.

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Fig. 54a The flaw triangle

Fig. 54b Reduced surface distances and xvalue

Fig. 56a The apparent depth


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Fig. 56b The real reflector depth after sound reflection

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6. Evaluation of discontinuities

Fig. 57 A large reflector in the sound beam


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Fig. 58b Top view with reflector for extension.

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6.2 Evaluation of small discontinuities: The DGS method

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Fig. 59 Reflectors with different areas and their echoes

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The echo heights are proportional to their area or The echo heights are proportional to the square of their diameter.

The echo heights reduce to the square of their distance


Fig. 60 Reflectors at different depths and their echoes
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Fig. 61 Distance amplitude curve of a 2 mm - disk reflector

Fig. 62 Evaluation of a discontinuity (F) using evaluation curves.

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6.4.1 Comparison of echo amplitudes

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Fig. 65 Test object with a flaw: echo at 80% (reference height)

Fig. 66 Reference block: reference echo at 30%.

Fig. 67 References block: reference echo to reference height

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6.4.2 Distance amplitude curve

Fig. 69 DAC of the reference echoes (top) and with time corrected gain (bottom).
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Fig. 68 Reference block wiht side drilled holes and resulting echoes
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Introduction to scanning models

A SCAN

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SCANNING TYPES

B SCAN

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SCANNING TYPES

C SCAN

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SCANNING TYPES

D SCAN

TOFD

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SCANNING TYPES

P- SCAN

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

The following main principles describe TOFD:

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)


1 = transmitted wave 2 = reflected wave 3 = through transmitted wave 4 = diffracted wave at upper crack tip 5 = diffracted wave at lower crack tip

1- lateral wave 2 - diffraction signal at upper crack tip 3 - diffraction signal at lower crack tip 4- back wall reflection

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

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Time of Flight Diffraction Technique (TOFD)

TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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TOFD INTERPRETATION

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Phased array

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Fig. 17a Beam spot at the 4th scale graduation

Fig. 17b Beam spot at the 8th scale graduation

Fig. 18 Backwall echo at the 8th scale graduation

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Topic Two

Details about this topic Supporting information and examples How it relates to your audience

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Topic Three

Details about this topic Supporting information and examples How it relates to your audience

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Real Life

Give an example or real life anecdote Sympathize with the audiences situation if appropriate

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What This Means

Add a strong statement that summarizes how you feel or think about this topic Summarize key points you want your audience to remember

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Next Steps

Summarize any actions required of your audience Summarize any follow up action items required of you

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