Data Storage-Unit3 Presented By: Gourav Kumar Dubey

Overview of the Presentation

Magnetic disk, Magnetic tape, CD-ROM, WORM, Optical disk, Mirrored disk, Fault tolerance, Network protection devices, Power Protection Devices like UPS, Surge protectors.

Magnetic Disk
The Most Commonly used & popular storage medium for the direct access secondary storage. Offers high storage capacity,reliability,& capability to access the data directly. Data is represented as magnetised spots on disk.

Data in the magnetic disks can be erased and reused virtually infinitely.

Storage Organization & Access of Magnetic Disk

The Surface of the disks is divided into the imaginary tracks and sectors.

The intersection the track & sectors are called as the Track Sectors.

Accessing Data from the Magnetic Disk

Seek Rotate Data Transfer Seek time , latency & data transfer time is defined as the access time of the magnetic disk.

Types of Magnetic Disks

Floppy Disk - Coated with the Ferric Oxide, & encased in a protective plastic.Used for both read & write operations. Hard Disk - also called as fixed disk, used as the primary storage unit of the computer. Zip Disk - a removable storage device with the capacity of 100250 MB of data.its drive unit is measured as 18*13*4cm & weights upto Kg.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Magnetic Disks

Follow direct access mode for both reading & writing onto the data files. Used for both as an online & offline storage. Data transfer rate is much higher than the magnetic tapes. Less chances to the corruption of the data than Magnetic Tapes. Disadvantages: Must be stored in a dust-free environment. Expensive than magnetic tapes. More suscpectible for the breach of security.

Magnetic Tape
Its like a plastic tape with the magnetised coating on it. Data is stored in the form of tiny segments of magnetised & demagnetised portion on the surface of the material. Beginning of the tape(BOT) & End of the Tape(EOT) is described as the usable recording (reading/writing) purposes. Very durable and can be erased as well as reused. Cheap and reliable storage medium for archives & taking Backups. Offers high storage capacity, reliability & capabilities to access the stored data.

Advantages & Disadvantages of the Magnetic Tapes: Advantages: Holds high recording data capacity, results as the low in costs. Easily transportable because of their size & lightweight. Disadvantages: Data on these devices are difficult to recover, if a minor bit of problem occurs. Data Transmission is low in comparison to the magnetic disks. Data cannt be update as in the insertion/deletion forms.

Optical Disk
A flat, circular, plastic disk coated with a thin layer of metal (alluminium, gold, silver). A reflective surface is used as a read/write head for the recording data onto the disk.
Types of Optical Disks: Compact Disk-Read Only Memory(CD-ROM) Digital versatile/video Disk-Read Only Memory(DVDROM) Write Once-Read Many(WORM)

Compact Disk-Read Only Memory(CD-ROM)

Capable of being used as a data storage device along with storing of digital-audio. A CD-ROM disk is shiny, silver colour metal disk of 12 diameter.
Made up of three layers: Layer of alluminium, a layer of acrylic & with the polycarbonate base. Files are stored on the contiguous sectors or tracks.

Write once Read Many (WORM)

It is a thin (1.2mm)disk madeup of polycarbonate with a 120mm diameter, which is mainly used for storing the music or data. Eg.CD-R(Compact-Disk Recordable). Data can be written but cannt be erased on an optical disk.
How actually Data is Stored..? A laser actually burns Microscopic Pits into the disks surface for the record of data.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Optical Disks Advantages: Life span of data storage is more, about 10-20 years. Physically harder to break or melt. Can store more data in less amount of space as compared to the magnetic tapes & floppy or Zip disks. Easily portable & stored due to their small size. Disadvantages: Complicated than the magnetic & Floppy disk. Slow data access speed as compared to the magnetic disks. Much more costlier than the floppy & zip disks.

Mirrored Disk
when applications require high reliability, it may be appropriate to use a configuration that supports mirrored disks. With this configuration , data is automatically written to two disks.
Through mirroring it allows a system to automatically maintain multiple copies of data to the mirrored disk. Helps us to continue the process or recover the data from unwanted failure on system.

Fault Tolerance
Fault-tolerance or graceful degradation is the property that enables a system (often computerbased) to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. Usually measured at the application level and not just at a hardware level. fault-tolerant systems can be characterised as either roll-forward:system detects that it has made an error,(or) roll-back:operations between the checkpoint and the detected erroneous state.

Network Protection Devices

Network Interface Card (NIC) is a device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN(local area network). Can be cabled or wireless (radio) Often now built into motherboards. Rated by speed: 10, 100, 1000Mbps. Auto-sensing e.g. 10/100/1000 NICs adjust themselves to the best possible speed.

Firewall:
A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. To prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system. Types of firewall techniques: Packet filter Packet filtering is fairly effective and transparent to users, but it is difficult to configure. Application gateway: Applies security mechanisms to specific applications, such as FTP Circuit-level gateway: packets can flow between the hosts without further checking. Proxy server: hides the true network addresses.

Power Protection Devices like UPS

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): A device that provides battery backup when the electrical power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level. Used to protect Computers,DataCenters,Telecommunication equipment or where can be an unexpected power disruption. The world's largest UPS, the 46-megawatt, Battery Electric Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks, AK, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages.

Surge Protectors
A standard equipment which actually helps us to protect our Computer Systems from voltage spikes. The component Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) diverts the extra voltage. It Consist of three Parts mainly: A piece of metal oxide material in the middle, joined to the power & Grounding line by two semiconductors. Most UPS systems include integrated surge protectors. Surge protectors can also protect telephone and cable lines as these also carry electric current.

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