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Measurement Methods
Head Type Flow Meters Variable Area Flow Meters Magnetic Flow Meter Turbine Meters Target Meters Thermal Flow Meters Swirl Meters Sonic Flow Meters
Q=
A2 1-(A2/A1) 2
[(2g/o)(P1-P2)]
WHERE A1= PIPE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA. A2= ORIFICE BORE AREA. 0 = FLUID DENSITY P1= UP STREAM PR. P2= DOWN STREAM PR.
Orifice Plate ..
BERNOULLI EQUATION GIVES IDEAL VOLUME FLOW RATE
C 1- B4 FOR ACCURATE MEASUREMENT TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION AND IN CASE OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUID PRESSURE COMPENSATION IS REQUITED.
Orifice Plate ..
Construction: The orifice plate itself is a circular disc usually stainless steel from 1 / 8 to 1 / 2 thick depending on size and flow velocity with a hole (orifice) in the middle and a tab projecting out to one side -- data plate. The thickness requirement of the orifice plate is a function of line size, flowing temperature and differential pressure across the plate.
PRESSURE LOSS
VENA- CONTRACTA
Orifice Plate ..
Types of Orifice:
The orifice is classified depending on the shape of the orifice and selection of an orifice depends on application. 1. Concentric 2. Eccentric 3. Segmental 4. Quadrant edge
TRANSMITTER CONNECTION.
SEAL POT
4)
Where P is the measured pressure (in kg/cm2g) and T is the measured temperature (in degC) both at the upstream of the orifice. The root mean square deviation of the density values calculated using the above correlations from the numerical data of steam tables is as given below: For 105K steam: RMS deviation: 0.1596 For 40 K steam: RMS deviation: 0.0476 For 17K steam: RMS devaition: 0.0354 For 5K steam: RMS deviation: 0.00819 The compensation equation will be as below: Q(comp) = Q(uncomp)*{sqrt(Density actual/Density design)} where density design is the density taken for orifice design and density actual is the density calculated at flowing temp. and pressure using the above correlations. Q is in mass units (kg/hr or MT/hr).
Tr
Pr
Tr2
Tr*Pr
Tr2*Pr
Pr2
Pr2*Tr
Coefficients a b c d e f g h 37.46 -77.9026 147.1373 237.8303 -68.5881 -444.485 207.4328 -187.718 348.8422 -162.123 PE&PP 37.46 -201.97 369.0773 481.7081 -167.821 -878.447 400.3877 -295.445 538.0561 -245.092 FQ-701
Generalised equation for Z: Z = K + aTr + bPr + cTr2 + dTrPr + eTr2Pr + fPr2 + gPr2Tr + hTr2Pr2 Plant Tag no. Td Pd Zd Rhod dP Meter max degC kg/cm2a kg/m3 mmWC flow TPH PE-I 30FE-4141 20 42.033 0.68634 69.12887 4136 35 PE-2 33FE-4141 20 42.033 0.68634 69.12887 12340 35 ET FE-701 27 53 0.61458 95.07444 14486 70 PP FT100108A 20 42.033 0.68634 69.12887 4937 6.804 PP FT100108B 20 42.033 0.68634 69.12887 4951 1.81439
Venturi Tube.
Venturi Tube Comprises 3 Section :
Advantages of Venturi Tube: 1. Causes low permanent pressure loss. 2. Widely used for high flow rates. 3. Available in very large pipe sizes. 4. Has well known characteristics. 5. More accurate in wide flow ranges than orifice plates. Disadvantages: 1. High cost compared to orifice plate. 2. Generally not useful below 3 pipe size. 3. More difficult to inspect due to its construction.
Flow Nozzel.
Flow nozzle:
Flow nozzle is a variation of the Venturi in which the exit section is omitted and consequently the approach section is bell shaped with a cylindrical throat.
Advantages : Pressure loss lower than orifice plate. Can be used for fluids containing solids that settle. Widely accepted for high pressure and temperature steam. Disadvantages: Cost higher than orifice plate. Limited to moderate pipe sizes.
Pitot Tube.
It consists of cylindrical probe inserted in to a fluid stream In this device the velocity head is converted in to an impact pressure The difference between static pressure and impact pressure is a measure of flow
STATIC OPENING
V= 0
2 P
V = FLUID VELOCITY = FLUID DENSITY P = PR. DIFF OF STAGNATION AND STATIC PR.
IMPACT OPENING
Advantages :
1. No process loss . 2. Economical to install.
Disadvantages:
P
1. Poor accuracy. 2. Unsuitability for dirty or sticky fluids. 3. Sensitivity to up stream disturbance
Advantages: 1. Relatively low cost. 2. Good for metering small flows. 3. Good for low pressure drop requirement. Disadvantages: 1. Glass tube subject to breakage. 2. Must be mounted vertically. 3. Not good in pulsating services. 4. Generally limited to small pipe sizes. 5. Fair Accuracy (+1 / 2% to 10%).
E = BDV / C
where C is constant to take care of proper units.
B E
TURBINE METER...
Turbine flow meter consists of a multi-bladed rotor suspended in the fluid stream on a free running bearing. The axis of rotation of the rotor in perpendicular to the flow direction and the rotor blades sweep out virtually to the full bore of the meter. The fluid impinging on the rotor blades causes the rotor to revolve within the linear flow range of the meter. The angular speed of rotation in directly proportional to volumetric flow rate. The speed of rotation in monitored by an electro -magnetic pick up coil
Application: Due to excellent preference characteristics the turbine meter in widely used for high accuracy custody transfer of crude oil refined by hydrocarbons and other valuable liquids.
PICK-UP COILS.
RELUCTANCE
INDUCTANCE
RELUCTANCE
INDUCTANCE
Permanent magnet in the coil. Blades are made of a paramagnetic material. Each blade produces a separate and distinct voltage pulse
Permanent magnet is embedded in the rotor It generates a voltage pulse for every complete revolution of the rotor.
TYPE 2 Flow meters that measure the effect of the flowing fluid on a hot body.
FOR A GIVEN DENSITY Fd IS PROPORTIONAL TO SQUARE OF VOLUME FLOW RATE HENCE SQUARE-ROOT ELEMENT IS REQUIRED FOR LINEARIZATION. THE DRAG FORCE CAN BE MEASURED BY ATTACHING THE DRAG PRODUCING BODY TO A STRAIN GAGE.
Positive displacement meters split the flow of liquids in to separate known volume based on the physical dimension of the meter and count them or totalize them.
Different types of PD meters depending on application. 1. Impeller, propeller turbine 2. Nutating disc 3. Oval gear 4. Piston 5. Rotating Vane 6. Viscous helix
The mass flow meter is based on Coriolis effect and provides mass flow measurement for both liquid and gases.
The mass flow meter is based on Coriolis effect and provides mass flow measurement for both liquid and gases. In mass flow meter a U-shaped sensor tube is vibrated at its natural frequency. The angular velocity of the vibrating tube to be in combination with the mass velocity of the flowing fluid causes the tube to twist. The amount of twist is measured with magnetic position detectors producing signal which is linearly proportional to the mass flow rate of every parcel and particle passing through the u-shaped sensor tube.
Advantages of Mass Flow Meters Unaffected by variation in fluid properties. Can be used for liquids, mixtures,foams,slurries,sticky viscous fluids and liquid containing gases. Very accurate (0.2%)