BIODIVERSITY

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

11.5 KINGDOM PLANTAE

11.5.3 GMNOSPERM 11.5.4 ANGIOSPERM

PREVIOUS LESSON

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: Describe the unique characteristics of Gymnosperms

State the classification of Gymnosperms into 4 phyla:

Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.) Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycas sp.) Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo sp.) Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetum sp.)

OBJECTIVES
Describe the unique characteristics of Angiosperms (Phylum Anthophyta/Magnoliophyta) State the classification of Gymnosperms into 2 classes:
Class Dicotyledonae (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) Class Monocotyledonae (Zea mays)

11.5.3 GYMNOSPERMS

11.5.3 GYMNOSPERMS
Unique Characteristics
Naked seed
-Seeds are exposed on the surface of

spore producing structures

-Sporophylls

Unique Characteristics
Reproductive organs are usually
borne in cones
-Sporophylls are spirally arranged

Non flowering plant Ovules (modified megasporangium)

-Contain the female gametophyte

 Vascular cambium leads to secondary growth (wood)

Have vascular tissues
-Xylem
o Tracheids only

-Phloem
o No companion cells

 Sporophyte dominant Gametophyte very much reduced

-Depends entirely on the sporophyte -No free living gametophyte

Heterosporous
-Microspores -Megaspores

Classified into 4 phyla:

Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.) Cycadophyta (Cycas sp.) Ginkgophyta (Gingko biloba) Gnetophyta (Gnetum sp.)

Gingko

Phylum Coniferophyta -Pinus sp.

Female cone

Male cone

PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA Cycas sp.

PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA Cycas sp.

Male sporophylls

Female sporophylls

Phylum Ginkgophyta -Gingko sp.

Phylum gnetophyta -Gnetum sp.

11.5.4 ANGIOSPERMS

11.5.4 ANGIOSPERMS

Unique Characteristics Vascular, seed plants

Seeds enclosed in fruit

Flowering plants
Produce flowers and fruits

Unique Characteristics Herbaceous and woody plant The most diverse and geographically widespread

 Vascular tissues
Xylem
Tracheids Vessels : in most species Fiber cells : support Efficient water transport

Phloem
Sieve tubes Companion cells

 Alternation of generation
Sporophyte is dominant
The plant body

Gametophyte is very much reduced

Male gametophyte Pollen grains Female gametophyte Embryo sac

Reproduction involves double fertilization

Classification
PHYLUM : ANTHOPHYTA/MAGNOLIOPHYTA Can be divided into 2:
Class Monocotyledonae
Seed has 1 cotyledon Eg: Zea mays

Class Dicotyledonae
Seed has 2 cotyledons Eg: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE

Eg: Zea mays Leaves

Narrow Parallel veins

Stems
Vascular bundles scattered No vascular cambium Usually herbaceous or soft-wooded

 Roots
Adventitious with many branches

Flower
Petals patterns are in multiples of three

CLASS DICOTYLEDONAE

Eg: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Leaves

Broad Branched or netted veins

Stem
Vascular bundles arranged in ring Herbaceous or woody Woody plants have vascular cambium

 Roots
Taproot A single large root that grows deep underneath the plant

Flower
Petals patterns are multiples of four or five

Evolutionary relationship among groups in the plant kingdom

BRYOPHYTA Size Dominant generation Very small Gametophyte PTERIDOPHYTA Medium Sporophyte GYMNOSPERMS Large Sporophyte ANGIOSPERMS Large Sporophyte

Dependence of gametophytes and sporophytes

Sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for the rest of its life Needed

Sporophyte depends on the sporophyte only at the early development Needed

Sporophyte is totally independent

Sporophyte is totally independent

Water dependence in fertilization

Vascular tissues

Not needed

Not needed

Absent

Simple vascular tissues

Present Xylem tracheids only Phloem Sieve tubes with no companion cells

Present Xylem tracheids and vessels Phloem- Sieve tubes and companion cells

Embryo protection

Not protected

Not protected

Protected by the Protected by the seed seed

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA