COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Communication System

What makes a Communication System GOOD

We can measure the GOODNESS of a communication system in many ways:

Better estimate = higher quality transmission Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for analog m(t) Bit Error Rate (BER) for digital m(t)

How close is the estimate of the output signal to the original signal m(t)

Lower power = longer battery life, less interference

How much power is required to transmit signal from transmitter s(t)?

Less B means more users can share the channel Exception: Spread Spectrum -- users use same B.

How much bandwidth B is required to transmit s(t)?

How much information is transmitted?

In analog systems information is related to B of m(t). In digital systems information is expressed in bits/sec.

Signal
A signal "is a function that conveys information about the behavior or attributes of some phenomenon Signals are variables that carry information Examples of signal include: Electrical signals
Voltages and currents in a circuit

Acoustic signals
Acoustic pressure (sound) over time

Mechanical signals
Velocity of a car over time

Video signals
Intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time

Size of a Signal x(t)

X(t) possible measure of the size

Size of a Signal x(t)

Power is the time average of the energy

Size of a Signal x(t)

Signals Classification
Signals may be classified into: 1. Continuous-time and discrete-time signals 2. Analogue and digital signals 3. Periodic and aperiodic signals 4. Energy and power signals 5. Deterministic and probabilistic signals 6. Causal and non-causal 7. Even and Odd signals

Signal Classification (Continuous vs Discrete)

Signal Classification Analog vs Digital

Signal Classification Periodic vs Aperiodic

Signal Classification Deterministic vs Random

Signal Classification Causal vs Noncausal

Signal Classification Even vs Odd

Useful Signal Operations Time Shifting

Useful Signal Operations Time Scaling

Useful Signal Operations Time Reversal

Signal Models- Unit Step Function u(t)

Signal Models Pulse signal

Signal Models Unit Step Function u(t)

Signal Models Pulse signal

A rapid change in some characteristic of a signal, e.g., phase or frequency, from a baseline value to a higher or lower value

Signal Models Unit Impulse Function d(t)

Unit Impulse Function d(t)

Multiplying a function (t) by an Impulse

Sampling Property of Unit Impulse Function