CURRENT TRENDS IN APPLICATION ORIENTED RESEARCH

M RAY Dr N R BANDYOPADYAY

VARAD KAMATH ROLL NO: 110922001 M.Tech CAMDA

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Nanotechnology

To understand the basic concepts that govern Nanotechnology.

To appreciate the level of research that is going on in this field. To evaluate and look at things from a different perspective. To emphasize on the quality of its applications. To see through the current trends in its application. To visualize Indias growth with this technology.

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WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? HOW DID IT ALL BEGIN? DEFINING NANOTECHNOLOGY. NANOMATERIALS. HISTORY METHODS TO BUILD NANOMATERIALS. MOORES LAW. CARBON NANOTUBES. APPLICATIONS RESEARCH BUDGET HISTORY. CURRENT TRENDS NANO COMPANIES IN INDIA NANO GLIMPSE IN 2030 CONCLUSION
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Nanotechnology refers to the control and manipulation of matter at nanometer dimensions.

Nano is derived from the Greek word DWARF, means one billionth (10-9m). For example this is 1/1000th the width of human hair. At nano scale the physical, chemical and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules of bulk matter. It is possible to control fundamental properties of materials like their melting temperature, magnetic properties and even their colors without changing the materials chemical composition.

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The concept of nanotechnology is attributed to Nobel laureate Richard Feynman.

At the APS, December 29th 1959, he stated The principles of physics as far as I can see do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. If Feynman was the philosopher, then Drexler was the prophet. Binning and Rohrer were the first to see atoms and hence make nanotechnology possible.

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The National Nanotechnology Initiative calls it nanotechnology only is it involves the following :

1. Research and Technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1-100nm range. 2. Creating and using structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small size. 3. Ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale.

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The Abalone a mollusk constructs very strong shell having an iridescent inner surfaces by organizing calcium carbonate into strong nanostructure bricks held together by glue made of carbohydrate protein mix.

Source: www.Jansjewelery.com
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The great varieties of beautiful colors of the windows of medieval cathedrals are due to the presence of metal Nanoparticles in glass.

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Source: www.stanparryphotography.com
Nanotechnology

In 1890, German bacteriologist Robert Koch found that compounds made with gold inhibited the growth of bacteria.

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In Indian medical system called Ayurveda, gold is used in several preparation . Ex Saraswatharistham
Source: www.apvayurveda.com

In China, people cook their rice with gold coin in order to help replenish gold in their bodies

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Bulk Nanomaterials : These materials have dimensions above 100nm.

2-Dimensional Nanomaterials ( Quantum Well) : Only one length of a 3D nanostructure is of nanodimension, while the other two dimensions remain large. 1 Dimensional Nanomaterials ( Quantum Wire) : Only two sides of a 3D nanostructure are of nanometer length. Zero Dimensional Nanomaterials ( Quantum Dot ) : All the three sides of a 3D nanostructure are of nanometer range.

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Essentially there are two different approaches of creating very small machines or devices : Top Down Approach Bottom Up Approach Top Down Approach: Making Nanosystems, materials and devices starting from bulk materials. Bottom Up Approach: Building larger objects starting from smaller building blocks. Includes systematic assembly of atoms.
Source: www.gitam.edu
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The current growth of technology suggests that reductions are needed in the dimensions of devices and active materials. This is evident in case of nanotechnology.
The number of transistors used in an IC has increased phenomenally in the past 40 years. In 1965, Gordon Moore the co-founder of Intel, observed that the number of transistors per square inch on IC doubled every year since ICs were invented. In the coming years this pace slowed down but the data density doubled approximately every 18 months

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CNTs are formed by a layer of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms rolled into a cylinder, usually having half Bucky balls on one or both the ends.
Electrons are localized internally and some can move along the length of the tube. Diameter : 1nm Length is million times greater than its width.

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STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS:
CNTs have a tensile strength of 11-63Gpa and Young's modulus of 1250Gpa.

This has confirmed the potential of nanotubes as reinforcing members in future composite materials, demonstrating that addition of nanotubes yields improved composite mechanical properties such as modulus and strength.

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STORAGE APPLICATIONS :
Research is also being carried out to asses the ability of carbon nanotubes to store hydrogen. The storage is in both inside and outside.

The application of this kind of storage will be important for fuel cell applications for automobiles where the storage of hydrogen is a very critical factor.

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SENSORS APPLICATIONS :
A Flow sensor using nanotubes has also been demonstrated. In this device, liquid flows through aligned single walled nanotubes supported on a substrate. The flow generates an electrical potential of order of millivolts.

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FILTER APPLICATIONS :
A Liquid containing a mixture of molecules such as petroleum is separated into the components by filtration.

Such an approach makes it possible to filter out bacteria, viruses and chemicals from water.

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MECHANICAL MACHINES :
It may be possible to gear different nanotubes together to translate different rotational motion or change the direction of motion.

First nanobearings have been developed by researchers from University of California, Berkley.

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Nanoparticles of TiO2 in paints to absorb atmospheric pollutants.

Nanoparticles of TiO2 in road buildings to absorb automobile exhausts. Protective Nanopaints for Cars. Nano solar cells mixed in plastic is Painted on buses, roofs, clothing.

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Millions
$20 $18 $16 $14 $12 $10 $8 $6 $4 $2 $0 $4.6 $5.6

FY 2004 Enacted

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FY 2005 Enacted

$4.5 $8.6

FY 2006 Enacted

Base Program

FY 2007 Enacted

$10.4

FY 2008 Enacted

$16.5

FY 2009 Enacted

$17.8

FY 2010 President's Budget

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NANOELECTRONICS AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES :

The semiconductor Industry has already entered the nanotechnology world with introduction of 90nm fabrication process.

Today's best storage devices are capable of providing a memory capacity of 2 gb/cm2, whereas this technology can produce a memory chip capable of holding 80 gb/cm2.

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SILICON NANOWIRES :
Provide Quantum confinement in the transverse direction of the wire. Hence there is a reduction in the probability of an electron scattering event thereby reducing drag. Consequently it results in greater mobility than bulk silicon.

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NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY :
Micro-encapsulation, a nanotechnology concept can help doctors to control precisely the rate at which medicines are supplied to the patients body. Nanotech powered medical techniques like Bucky balls have the ability to fix themselves to the virus, thus preventing further reproduction.

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Auto Fibre Craft powders Nano size silver powder.

Bee Chems Silica and aluminum industries. Bilcare- Nanoclonable Cranes Software Analysis software's. Eris Technologies Certification course. Saint gobain glass manufacturers

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According to experts, nanotechnology can solve many of Indias present problems in areas like energy, environment, public health and information technology.
Agriculture productivity is increased through better study of pests and diseases, targeted treatment through precision farming, better forecasting of weather and maximizing life cycle of agro products. Processed foods will stay fresh for months together. Nano solar paints and solar cells for each building. Nano super sand stops water below the roots level of plant. Nano submarine floats through blood of human body.
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Many of the concepts that nanotechnology promises to give us may seem impossible now, but they may not be far away after all.
Could anyone in 1970 predict that computers would be so powerful in 2011? Factories become as cheap as products Products become as cheap as raw materials. High performance products can be obtained. US National Science foundation estimates the total global market for nano related products and services to reach US$ 1 trillion by 2015.

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In India, a lot of companies have already entered this sunrise industry. Leading companies like Reliance, Tata Group, Mahindra & Mahindra and Intel have made investments. Ex : M&M have invested for technologies such as wiper free windscreen and nano ceramic window films.

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http://www.nano.gov/html/res/IntlFundingRoco.htm
http://www.nanbusiness.org Nanotechnology: Current Trends in application Oriented Research, M Ray and Dr. N R Bandyopadhyay. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology www.physics.mcgill.ca/~peter/nanoelectronics.htm Corporate India magazine -- August 15, 2011 .

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