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obtained from the chemical combination of the fuel with the oxygen, into mechanical energy
influence on the design, efficiency, output and particularly reliability and durability of the engine
of many different hydrocarbon, they are usually considered to be a single hydrocarbon for the convenience (C8H18)
mixture of methane and smaller amount of other gases is treated as methane (CH4)
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
TYPES OF FULES
Solid Liquid Gaseous
SOLID FULES
Find little application at present because
of the problem in handling Difficult to dispose off solid residue or ash after combustion Solid fuel in the form of finely powdered coal were attempted initially Quite difficult to handle, feed and store compared to gaseous and liquids fuels
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
Gaseous fuels
Ideal fuels for IC engine Pose very few problems Being gaseous, they mix more
homogeneously with the air and eliminate the distribution and starting problems that are encountered by liquid fuels
Liquid fuels
Derivatives from liquid petroleum Petrol, Diesel are liquid fuels Petroleum products form the main fuels
for IC engine
Petroleum fuels
99% of the worlds IC engine use liquid
fuel derived from petroleum In some countries where natural petroleum is scarce, fuels having similar composition and characteristics are being produced by some processes
Crude oil
Raw petroleum that come from oil wells Contains impurities such as water, solids A mixture of many HC (mainly Methane and
ethane) CO is separated from gasoline, kerosene, and others by the process of fractional distillation contains certain fraction of organic compounds (Sulfur , Nitrogen) exact composition differs widely according to sources
distillation, cracking and polymerization In distillation, distillate is separated into various fractions according to volatility Cracking is defined as reducing the molecular size Polymerization is the reverse of cracking
Natural gas
Gaseous HC associated with liquid
petroleum
Gasoline
Most petroleum fuels intended for use in
SI engine
Kerosene
Heavier than gasoline Used in lamps, heaters, stoves Excellent fuels for CI engines and aircrafts
engine
Fuel Types-Aromatics
Benzene (C6H6) is the building block Very stable hydrocarbon (does not go
away) CnH2n-6 Examples: Toluene C7H8 Xylene C8H10
Fuel Types-Alcohols
One H is replaced with a hydroxyl radical CnH2n+1OH Methane (CH4) Methanol (CH3OH) Ethane (C2H6) Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Volatility
Main characteristic properties of gasoline
which determines its suitability for use in SI engine Depends on fractional composition of fuels being mixture of different HC The characteristic points are the temperatures at which 10, 40, 50, and 90% of the volume evaporates
Crankcase dilution
Liquid fuel in the cylinder causes loss of
lubricating oil This deteriorates the quantity of lubrication and tends to cause damage to the engine through increased friction Liquid gasoline may also dilute the lub oil and weaken the oil film between rubbing surfaces.
Antiknock quality
Abnormal burning or detonation in SI
engine causes very high temperature and pressure This adversely affects thermal efficiency So, the fuel characteristics should be such that it can resist tendency to produce detonation or knock It depends on fuels chemical and molecular structure
Gum deposits
Reactive HC and impurities in the fuel have a
tendency to oxidize upon storage and form liquid and solid gummy substances Gasoline with high gum content will cause operating difficulties such as: sticking valves piston rings carbon deposits gum deposit in the manifold clogging of carburetor jets enlarging of valve stem, cylinders, and pistons
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
Sulphur content
HC fuels may contain free sulphur, hydrogen
sulphide, and other sulphur compounds Sulphur is corrosive Elements of the fuels that can corrode fuel lines, carburetors, and injection pumps It will unite with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide that in the presence of water at low temperatures may form sulphusous acid
CI ENGINE FUELS
Volatility Starting characteristics Smoking and odour Viscosity Corrosion and wear Handling ease Knock characteristics
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
Volatility
The fuel should be
sufficiently volatile in the operating range of temperatures to produce good mixing and combustion
Starting characteristics
The fuel should help in starting the engine
easily This requirement demands high enough volatility to form a combustible mixture readily
Viscosity
CI engine fuels should be able to flow
through the fuel system and the strainers under lowest operating temperatures
Handling ease
The fuel should be liquid that will readily
flow under all conditions that are encountered in actual use
Knock Characteristics
It occurs because of ignition lag of fuel between
the time of injection and the time of actual burning As the ignition lag increases, the amount of fuel accumulated in the combustion chamber increases and when combustion actually takes place, abnormal amount of energy is released causing excessive rate of pressure rise Hence CI engine fuel should have a short ignition delay and will ignite more readily
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
Crude oil
Raw petroleum that come from oil wells A mixture of many HC (mainly Methane and
ethane) CO is separated from gasoline, kerosene, and others by the process of fractional distillation contains certain fraction of organic compounds (Sulfur , Nitrogen) exact composition differs widely according to sources
distillation, cracking and polymerization In distillation, distillate is separated into various fractions according to volatility Cracking is defined as reducing the molecular size Polymerization is the reverse of cracking
NOTE
Generally, the larger the molecular weight
of the components, higher is its boiling temperature
separate the components of a mixture. The components may be miscible liquids or a dissolved solid in a liquid. Distillation is the process of vaporizing a liquid in one vessel and condensing them into another vessel. Several types of distillation are common: simple distillation, fractional distillation, and vacuum distillation. The process by which a liquid changes to a gas is called vaporization.
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
Blending
Is a process of obtaining a product of
desired quality by mixing certain products in some suitable proportions
RATING OF FUELS
Normally fuels are rated for their
antiknock qualities
OCTANE NUMBER
Octane is a measurement of gasolines
capacity to burn smoothly and evenly. The higher the octane number of the gasoline the more it resistant in producing uneven combustion and the audible "knock" sound which, if allowed to continue can damage an engine.
HOW MEASURED
Octane number is a measure of the antiknock
quality of gasoline - the ability of the gasoline to resist knocking when it is burned in an engine. There are two laboratory tests to measure octane which are run in a single-cylinder engine operated under different conditions: Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor octane number (MON). The octane number posted on gasoline dispensers in service stations is the Antiknock Index (AKI) - the average of RON and MON [(RON + MON)/2, usually abbreviated (R + M)/2.
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
OCTANE NUMBER
Octane rating number is defined as a value used
to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock. Octane numbers are based on a scale on which isooctane is 100 (minimal knock) and heptane is 0 (bad knock). A gasoline with an octane number of 92 has the same knock as a mixture of 92% isooctane and 8% heptane.
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
PROBLEM
ADDITIVES
CETANE NUMBER
The cetane number is one of the most
commonly cited indicators of diesel fuel quality. It measures the readiness of the fuel to autoignite when injected into the engine. It is generally dependent on the composition of the fuel and can impact the engines startability, noise level, and exhaust emissions.
CETANE NUMBER
Good ignition from high cetane assists in easy
starting, starting at low temperature, low ignition pressures, and smooth operation with lower knocking characteristics. Low cetane fuel with poor ignition qualities causes misfiring, engine deposits, rough operation and higher knocking. The cetane number requirement for an engine depends on the engine design, size, operational speed, load condition and atmospheric conditions.
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
SG-A measure of the density of liquid fuels at 15.6 C as compared with water at the same temperature.
FUELS by Saidur Rahman
PROBLEM