Network Interface Layer (Physical Layer)

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Physical Layer Responsibilities

Description of LAN/WAN cables

Description of LAN/WAN connectors

Description of LAN/WAN standards (maximum length, bit rates, pin assignment, voltage levels)

Physical Layer Devices PDU= Bits

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Physical Layer Devices

DTE : DCE :

Source or destination of data

Used to adjust clocking and synchronization

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WAN Physical Layer

serial cables

(RS 232)
5

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Back-to-Back Serial Connection

When performing a back-to-back router scenario in a test environment, one of the routers will be a DTE and the other will be a DCE.
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LAN Physical Layer

Ethernet cables : - Copper ( UTP , STP , Coaxial ) - Fiber

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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

prevents EMI , RFI , cross-talk

CAT5

CAT 5e , CAT6

RJ-45 to avoid attenuation

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Types of Crosstalk
Near-end crosstalk (NEXT)

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Types of Crosstalk
Far-end crosstalk (FEXT)

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Types of Crosstalk
Power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT)

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

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Using UTP cable to connect devices

1- straight cable 2- cross cable 3- roll over cable

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Straight-Through or Crossover cables

DTE DCE

Cross cable

PC

switch hub

router

Cross cable

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straight cable

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Coaxial Cable

thick coaxial , thin coaxial (200 m)

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Fiber Optic Cable

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Fiber Optic Connectors

single mode fiber

multimode fiber
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Fiber Optic Connectors

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Layer 1 technologies
Ethernet:

10BASE-T The T stands for twisted pair ( UTP , STP ) 10BASE5 The 5 represents the fact that a signal can travel for approximately 500 meters 10BASE5 is often referred to as Thicknet. AUI connector 10BASE2 The 2 represents the fact that a signal can travel for approximately 200 meters 10BASE2 is often referred to as Thinnet. ,BNC connector

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Layer 1 technologies
Layer 1 Fast-Ethernet technologies
100BASE-TX

The T stands for twisted pair ( UTP , STP ), The X stands for full duplex , speed 100 mbps .
100BASE-FX 100 mbps , fiber cables (ST,SC connectors) , 400 m length .

Layer 1 Gigabit-Ethernet technologies

1000BASE-T

speed 1000 mbps , UTP CAT5e , CAT6.

1000BASE-SX 1000 mbps , fiber cables (ST,SC connectors) , 220 m
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Transmission modes
- Full duplex :
devices can send , receive data at the same time (two ways for transmission)

- Half duplex:
one circuit for transmission , so only one device can use the bus (send or receive) at a time , if two devices sent at the same time collision occurs .
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LAN Standards

10-base-T
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100-base-TX , 100-base-FX

Gigabit Ethernet
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Layer 1 LAN Devices

1- Repeater:

A repeater is a network device used to regenerate a signal. Repeaters regenerate signals distorted by transmission loss due to attenuation. Rule : no more than four repeaters can be used
between hosts on a LAN.

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Layer 1 devices

2- Hub
A Hub is a multi-port Repeater Hubs takes data bits from input port and floods it to all other ports (logically bus)

Rule : no more than four hubs can be used between hosts on a LAN.
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Repeaters and Hubs

repeater and hub work in half duplex mode All ports of the Repeaters and Hubs are members in a single collision domain, and single broadcast domain

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Network Interface Layer (Data-Link Layer)

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Data-Link Layer Responsibilities

Description of H/W addressing MAC (Media Access Control) address

Hop to hop delivery: - MAC method. - Frame format & error detection. - Flow control.

Layer 2 devices PDU= Frame

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MAC Address
-each device needs an address to access the media which is the MAC address. -Its called next hop address, as we deal with Ethernet LAN . - MAC address is 48 bits in length burned into read-only memory (ROM) of the NIC of the DTE and expressed as twelve hexadecimal digits. -MAC address can represent unicast , broadcast and multicast

ex.

A34C.52BD.1234

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MAC method to deal with half duplex media

CSMA/CD operation

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Local Collation vs. Late Collation

Local Collation
Occur before 64 bytes of data are transmitted. Occur in normal network operation.

Late collation
Occur after 64 bytes of data are transmitted
Occur in abnormal network operation.

Jam signal is sent intentionally to corrupt the collided frame.

Damaged frame is retransmitted.

Occur due to excessive network latency.

Damaged frame is not retransmitted.

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Layer 2 Frame
There are two Versions of Ethernet
Ethernet II (old standard) IEEE version

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Layer 2 Frame
Data link sub-layers : LLC : (logical link control) interact with network layer protocol MAC : (media access control) provide physical addressing and other data link layer functions Note: LLC sub-layer frame (IEEE 802.2) is encapsulated into MAC sub-layer frame (IEEE 802.3)
IEEE version ( IEEE 802.3 (MAC sub-layer) Interact with physical layer + IEEE 802.2 (LLC sub-layer) Interact with Internet layer )
IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control sub-layer
IEEE 802.3 Media Access Control sub-layer IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer

Physical Layer

Ethernet II
32

Data-Link Layer

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Ethernet Frame Structure

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Flow Control
In layer 2 , the destination cant control the source transmission. Destination has a buffer to store incoming data, if its overloaded , all incoming frames will be discarded 1. Buffering.

2. congestion avoidance.

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Layer 2 devices
A layer 2 device is a device that understand MAC, for example: NIC (Network Interface Card) Bridge : - address learning - forwarding decisions are based on software - bridge is used for LAN segmentation - max. 16 port. Switch: - a multi-port bridge up to 256 port - forwarding decisions are based on hardware ASIC (faster than bridge)
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Ethernet Switches and Bridges

Transparent Bridge and Switches has 3 main functions Address learning Forwarding. Remove layer 2 loops.
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1- Address Learning

Switch learns which MACs are connected to which ports by checking the frame source MAC address . The switch learn the entry for 300 sec (5 min.) of non activity &then removes it in order to free space in the memory. RULE: device can never exist on more than one port.

RULE: switch can learn the existence of multiple devices on one port
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2- Forwarding

- Forwarding is done by checking the destination MAC address

- The frame is flooded if the destination MAC is unknown unicast or broadcast or multicast - for the known unicast, switch perform micro segmentation- Switch operate at full duplex -Every port is a single collision domain, but the whole switch is a single B.C domain 38
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Forwarding modes
Cut-Through Switch checks destination address and immediately begins forwarding frame. Store and Forward Complete frame is received and checked before forwarding.

Fragment-Free Switch checks the first 64 bytes, then begins forwarding frame.

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Types of Frame Errors

CRC error: wrong CRC Giant frame : frame>MTU(1518 bytes) Runt frame : frame<64 bytes

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3- Remove Layer 2 loops

MAC A A

port 3 1

Solution : using Spanning tree protocol (STP)

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