Collision and Grounding Avoidance

COURSE : COLLISION AND GROUNDING AVOIDANCE

Aim
This course aims to meets the level of knowledge and competence specified in STCW 1978, as amended in 1995 and 2010, regulation II/1 and II/2, Annex A-II/1 and A-II/2 and in accordance with customers recommendations and company SMS/ ISM Code, as well as the International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREG).

Objective
Upon completion of the training course, the trainees shall be able to : know fully the duties and responsibilities of the Officer-of the-watch understand the International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREG) familiarized with the IALA Buoy age System improve the awareness about Collision and Grounding Avoidance

Entry Standard
The course is applicable to officer in charge of navigational watch. It should be taught to deck ratings for promotion to OICNW and can be a refresher course for management level officers.

Training Facilities
The trainees will be comfortably learning in a fully air-conditioned audio-video room of more than 42 square meter in area, complete with training hand-out, PowerPoint lecture presentation, related videos and a computer-based training instruction guided by an experienced and highly qualified trainer.

Course Certificate
Trainees who completed the training course shall be issued a COLLISION AND GROUNDING AVOIDANCE certificate by Seapreneur Training Center, Inc.

Course Intake
The number of trainees shall not be less than three (3) participants in each class but not more than twelve (12) in every training group.

Duration
The training will be conducted for 1day with case study workshop activities among trainees.

Title
Text

IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

IALA means International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

Two forms of the IALA System :
IALA System A-Europe, Africa, and Asia. Green buoys mark the starboard side of a channel in the A system. IALA System B -North, Central, and South America, Korea, and the Philippines. Green buoys mark the port side of the channel in system B.

IALA REGION

DIRECTION OF BUOYAGE
Defined in one of two ways: The general direction - approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward, or Determined by the appropriate authority. In principle, it follows a clockwise direction around land masses. Is indicated in appropriate nautical documents.

IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

Five types of navigation buoys: Lateral Cardinal Isolated danger Safe water Special

LATERAL MARKS

LATERAL MARKS
used in conjunction with a conventional direction of buoyage. used for well defined channels. indicate the port and starboard sides of the route to be followed. Where a channel divides, a modified lateral mark may be used to indicate the preferred route. Differ between buoyage regions A and B.

Port hand Marks Region A

Colour : Red Shape (Buoys): Cylindrical (can), pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : Single red cylinder (can) Light (when fitted) Red, any other than composite group flashing (2+1) Retroreflector: Red band or square

Colour : Green Shape (Buoys): Conical, pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : Single green cone, point upward Light (when fitted): Green, any other than composite group flashing (2+1) Retroreflector: Green band or triangle

Starboard hand Marks Region A

LATERAL MARKS Region A

Port Hand Stbd Hand

Colour Shape
Top Mark Light

Red

Green

Cylindrical (can), pillar Conical, pillar or spar or spar

Single red cylinder (can) Red, any other than composite group flashing (2+1) Red band or square Single green cone, point upward Green, any other than composite group flashing (2+1) Green band or triangle

Retro reflector

CARDINAL MARKS

CARDINAL MARKS
The four quadrants (North, East, South and West) are bounded by the true bearings NW-NE, NE-SE, SE-SW, SW-NW, taken from the point of interest. A cardinal mark is named after the quadrant in which it is placed. The name of a cardinal mark indicates that it should be passed to the named side of the mark.

CARDINAL MARKS
Used to: indicate that the deepest water in that area is on the named side of the mark to indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger to draw attention to a feature in a channel such as a bend, a junction, a bifurcation, or the end of a shoal

North Cardinal mark

Colour : Black above yellow Shape (Buoys) : Pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : 2 black cones, points upward Light (when fitted) : White, VQ or Q Retroreflector: Blue above yellow

East Cardinal mark

Colour : Black with single broad horizontal yellow band Shape (Buoys) : Pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : 2 black cones, base to base Light (when fitted) : White, VQ(3) every 5 sec or Q(3) every 10 sec Retroreflector: Two blue band

South Cardinal mark

Colour : Yellow above black Shape (Buoys) : Pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : 2 black cones, points downward Light (when fitted) : White, VQ(6) + long flash every 10 sec or Q(6) + long flash every 15 sec Retroreflector: Yellow above blue

West Cardinal mark

Colour : Yellow with single broad horizontal black band Shape (Buoys) :Pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : 2 black cones, point to point Light (when fitted) : White, VQ(9) every 10 sec or Q(9) every 15 sec Retroreflector: 2 yellow band

ISOLATED DANGER MARK

Mark erected on, or moored on or above, an isolated danger which has navigable water all around it.
Colour : Black with one or more horizontal red bands Shape (Buoys) : Pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : 2 black spheres, one above the other Light (when fitted) : White, Group Flashing (2) Retroreflector: Blue above Red band

SAFE WATER MARKS

Indicate that there is navigable water all round the mark; include centre line marks and mid-channel marks. an alternative to a cardinal or a lateral mark to indicate a landfall.

Safe Water Mark

Colour : Red and white vertical stripes Shape (Buoys) : Spherical; pillar or spar with spherical topmark Topmark (if any) : Single red sphere Light (when fitted) : White. Isophase, Occulting, one Long flash every 10 sec or Morse A Retroreflector: Red and White stripes or band

SPECIAL

MARKS

Not primarily intended to assist navigation but which indicate a special area or feature. Example: Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (ODAS) marks; Traffic Separation marks Spoil Ground marks; Military Exercise Zone marks; Cable or pipe line marks; Recreation Zone marks.

SPECIAL
Colour : Yellow Shape (Buoys) : Optional, but not conflicting with navigational marks Topmark (if any) : Single yellow X shape Light (when fitted) : Yellow. Any rhythm not used for white lights. Retroreflector: Yellow band or an X

MARKS

Note: If can, cone or spherical shape is used, will indicate which side to pass.

Preferred channel to Stbd : Region A

Colour : Red with one broad green horizontal band Shape (Buoys) : Cylindrical (can), pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : Single red cylinder (can) Light (when fitted) : Red, Composite group flashing (2+1) Retroreflector: Red band or square

Preferred channel to Port Region A

Colour : Green with one broad red horizontal band Shape (Buoys) : Conical, pillar or spar Topmark (if any) : Single green cone, point upward Light (when fitted) : Green. Composite group flashing (2+1) Retroreflector: Green band or triangle

Preferred channel
TO STBD Colour Shape Top Mark Light
Red with one broad green horizontal band Cylindrical (can), pillar or spar Single red cylinder (can) Red, Composite group flashing (2+1)

TO PORT
Green with one broad red horizontal band Conical, pillar or spar Single green cone, point upward Green. Composite group flashing (2+1)

Retro reflector

Red band or square

Green band or triangle

Learning objectives
In this chapter, we will show you a case of maritime collisions from real life.

You will be asked to:

Understand the course of event leading to the collision Understand the rules of the road being applied in that situation Give your opinion about the responsibility of each part involved in the collision

The Set-Up
Location: Off Cape Hatteras, United States North going traffic follows a true North course after passing the Diamond Shoals light. Condition: Day time, good visibility and moderate weather. Vessel T heading 000 degrees at a speed of 17 Kts. C-20:00. (20 minutes before collision) C has passed T on starboard. T observe C on its starboard beam, and overtaking.

The Close Up
T is on manual steering, C is on auto pilot. C-10: C changes course to 000 degrees, to come to a parallel course to T. C-06: C is now 0.75 NM ahead of T and the Master leaves the bridge. Meanwhile, the mate of T goes to the port bridge wing to take a bearing on the Diamond Shoals light, facing astern, and leaving the bridge to the helmsman.

The Collision
C-04:00. Vessel C develops a failure in her steering system and then turns hard to port. C-00:40. C is now ahead of T on a crossing course of 270 deg. Its mate sound the whistle and orders engine stop. The mate on T seas now the situation, sound the whistle, order hard left and stop engines. Collision time: T hits the port side of C at an angle of 90 deg. Both vessels sustain heavy damages but without lost of life.

Responsibility Question

Court Decision